Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Extract Induces Apoptosis-like Programmed Cell Death in Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. PAE Showed Amoebicidal Activity against A. castellanii and A. polyphaga
2.2. PAE Induced Changes in the Ultrastructural Morphology of A. castellanii
2.3. PAE Induced Apoptotic Death in A. castellanii
2.4. PAE Induced the Disruption of Mitochondrial Function in A. castellanii
2.5. PAE Induced Increased Intracellular ROS Production in A. castellanii
2.6. PAE Induced Increased Expressions of Autophagy Markers
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Preparation of PAE
4.2. Cultivation of Acanthamoeba and Human Cell Lines
4.3. Amoebicidal Assay
4.4. Cytotoxicity Assay for HCE-2 and ARPE-19 Cells
4.5. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
4.6. Fluorometric Apoptosis/Necrosis Assay
4.7. TUNEL Assay
4.8. Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Assay
4.9. Measurement of ATP Levels
4.10. Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Assay
4.11. Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) for Transcripts of Autophagy-Related Genes
4.12. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lê, H.-G.; Choi, J.-S.; Hwang, B.-S.; Jeong, Y.-T.; Kang, J.-M.; Võ, T.-C.; Cho, P.-Y.; Lee, Y.-K.; Yoo, W.-G.; Hong, Y.; et al. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Extract Induces Apoptosis-like Programmed Cell Death in Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites. Plants 2022, 11, 3459. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243459
Lê H-G, Choi J-S, Hwang B-S, Jeong Y-T, Kang J-M, Võ T-C, Cho P-Y, Lee Y-K, Yoo W-G, Hong Y, et al. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Extract Induces Apoptosis-like Programmed Cell Death in Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites. Plants. 2022; 11(24):3459. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243459
Chicago/Turabian StyleLê, Hương-Giang, Ji-Su Choi, Buyng-Su Hwang, Yong-Tae Jeong, Jung-Mi Kang, Tuấn-Cường Võ, Pyo-Yun Cho, Young-Kyung Lee, Won-Gi Yoo, Yeonchul Hong, and et al. 2022. "Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Extract Induces Apoptosis-like Programmed Cell Death in Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites" Plants 11, no. 24: 3459. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243459