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Article

Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression Profiling of HD-Zip Genes in ABA-Mediated Processes in Fragaria vesca

by
Yong Wang
1,†,‡,
Junmiao Fan
1,†,
Xinjie Wu
1,
Ling Guan
2,
Chun Li
1,
Tingting Gu
1,
Yi Li
3,* and
Jing Ding
1,*
1
State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210023, China
2
Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
3
Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
‡
Current Address: College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
Plants 2022, 11(23), 3367; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233367
Submission received: 19 October 2022 / Revised: 30 November 2022 / Accepted: 1 December 2022 / Published: 4 December 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Science Research in Nanjing Agricultural University: Commemorating the University’s 120th Anniversary)
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Abstract

:
Members of homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factors can play their roles by modulating abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in Arabidopsis. So far, our knowledge of the functions of HD-Zips in woodland strawberries (Fragaria vesca), a model plant for studying ABA-mediated fruit ripening, is limited. Here, we identified a total of 31 HD-Zip genes (FveHDZ1-31) in F. vesca, and classified them into four subfamilies (I to IV). Promoter analyses show that the ABA-responsive element, ABRE, is prevalent in the promoters of subfamily I and II FveHDZs. RT-qPCR results demonstrate that 10 of the 14 investigated FveHDZs were consistently >1.5-fold up-regulated or down-regulated in expression in response to exogenous ABA, dehydration, and ABA-induced senescence in leaves. Five of the six consistently up-regulated genes are from subfamily I and II. Thereinto, FveHDZ4, and 20 also exhibited significantly enhanced expression along with increased ABA content during fruit ripening. In yeast one-hybrid assays, FveHDZ4 proteins could bind the promoter of an ABA signaling gene FvePP2C6. Collectively, our results strongly support that the FveHDZs, particularly those from subfamilies I and II, are involved in the ABA-mediated processes in F. vesca, providing a basis for further functional characterization of the HD-Zips in strawberry and other plants.

1. Introduction

In plants, transcription factors (TFs) have been shown to regulate nearly all biological processes. They can bind to conserved and specific promoter regions (e.g., cis-acting elements) to promote or repress the mRNA transcriptional levels of their target genes [1,2]. Homeobox (HB) genes are a superfamily of TFs existing in all eukaryotic organisms, and all of the HB proteins contain a homeodomain (HD) that is a conserved 60-amino acid motif [3]. Members of the homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) family are characterized by a leucine zipper (LZ) motif immediately adjacent to the HD, which is unique to plants [4]. In HD-Zip proteins, the HD is demonstrated to be responsible for the specific binding to DNA, while the LZ acts as a dimerization motif [4,5].
So far, HD-Zips have been identified and analyzed in several plants, e.g., Arabidopsis [4], poplar [6], and rice [7]. Based on their evolutionary relationships and structural characteristics, the HD-Zip family is divided into four subfamilies (HD-Zip I, II, III, and IV) [4]. Studies show that each of the four HD-Zip subfamilies has its own specific protein structures [4,8]. In general, HD-Zip I members only have HD and LZ domains, while there is another motif, named CPSCE in HD-Zip II members. A START domain with putative lipid binding capability is especially found in both HD-Zip III and IV proteins. The most distinguishable feature for HD-Zip III and IV proteins is that HD-Zip III members own a distinctive MEKHLA domain at protein C-terminal, while two LZ motifs adjacent to the HD, which form a leucine zipper with an internal loop (a.k.a. ZLZ motif), exist in HD-Zip IV protein sequences [8].
HD-Zips are demonstrated to be involved in many biological processes, and the members from different subfamilies have distinct roles in plants [4,8]. For instance, HD-Zip I genes have been implicated in the de-etiolation of dark-grown seedlings [9] and abiotic stress responses and tolerance, particularly drought, salinity, and cold stress [10,11]. Some studies also indicate that HD-Zip I genes can be involved in the regulation of plant senescence [12,13], flowering [14] and fruit ripening [15,16]. Besides, LeHB-1 of HD-Zip I in tomato is thought to positively mediate the regulation of the climacteric fruit ripening [15]. HD-Zip II genes are thought to be mainly in response to illumination conditions [17], auxins [18], and shade-avoidance [19]. One HD-Zip II gene has been reported to positively regulate peach fruit ripening [16]. HD-Zip III genes are mainly involved in embryogenesis [20], meristem function [21,22], and vascular development [20,23]. HD-Zip IV genes are shown to be mainly involved in epidermal cell differentiation, anthocyanin accumulation, root development, and trichome formation as well as reproductive growth [24,25,26].
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a very important plant hormone, and has been shown to regulate many aspects of plant growth and development including leaf senescence, seed dormancy, embryo maturation, and responses to drought and other environmental stresses [27,28,29]. Several genes from HD-Zip I are demonstrated to be involved in the ABA signaling pathway and in the regulation of plant developmental adaptation to environmental stresses [11]. These genes include ATHB6, 7, and 12 from Arabidopsis [12,30,31,32,33], and Hahb4 from sunflower [34,35]. ATHB6 protein has been demonstrated to negatively regulate the ABA signaling pathway by interacting with the protein phosphatase 2C gene (PP2C) ABI1 [31]. Additionally, ABA-induction of ATHB6, 7, and 12 was abolished in the ABA insensitive mutants abi1 and abi2 [30,31,33], and the athb7 athb12 double mutant lost the capacity to respond to increases in ABA concentration [32], all of which indicated that these HD-Zip genes function in an ABA-dependent signaling pathway.
Besides an important abiotic stress hormone, ABA is also essential for strawberry fruit ripening [36]. Thus, identification and analysis of ABA signaling genes are very meaningful in strawberry. Up to now, no detailed information is available regarding the features of the HD-Zip gene family and the responses of HD-Zips to ABA in strawberry. Woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) is considered a model plant for the study of octaploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) and other non-climacteric fruits, because of the small genome (about 240 M), short growth cycle, and many other advantages [37,38,39,40]. In this study, we first performed a genome-wide identification and phylogenetic analysis of HD-Zip family genes in F. vesca. We then characterized their structures and expression patterns during fruit development and ripening, and in response to exogenous ABA, ABA-induced senescence and dehydration in leaves. The possible interaction of FveHDZ4 and FveHDZ20 proteins with the promoters of FvePP2C genes was further tested by yeast one-hybrid assays. Collectively, our results provide an insight into HD-Zip family genes in woodland strawberry and lay a foundation for further studies on their roles in ABA-mediated processes.

2. Results

2.1. Identification of HD-Zip Family Members in F. vesca

To identify the HD-Zip family members in F. vesca, we performed HMMER searches in the F. vesca proteome using the full alignment of the HD domain downloaded from Pfam as query sequences (Materials and Methods). The matching proteins were further submitted to the MEME website for identifying the LZ motifs. As a result, 31 proteins, which contained both HD domains and LZ motifs, were regarded as the HD-Zip family members in F. vesca (Table 1 and Table S1). We used these proteins (named FveHDZ1-31) for subsequent analyses in this study. Their predicted grand averages of hydropathicity (GRAVY) are all below zero (Table 1), suggesting that they are hydrophilic proteins. Subcellular localization analysis indicates that all the FveHDZ proteins are located in the nucleus (Table 1), which is in agreement with the fact that they are TFs.

2.2. Phylogenetic and Motif Analyses of FveHDZ Proteins

To study the evolutionary relationships among these FveHDZs, an unrooted neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was generated based on protein sequences of the 31 FveHDZs using the MEGA10 software. As shown in Figure 1, the 31 FveHDZs are well clustered into four subfamilies, namely subfamily I-IV. To test the validity of this classification, another phylogenetic tree based on the HD-Zip protein sequences in F. vesca, Arabidopsis, grape, and peach was constructed using the same method (Figure S1). The clustering of the FveHDZs and the known Arabidopsis HD-Zips from the four subfamilies [4] confirms the grouping of the 31 FveHDZs in Figure 1. There are 13 (FveHDZ1-13), 7 (FveHDZ14-20), 4 (FveHDZ28-31) and 7 (FveHDZ21-27) proteins in subfamily I-IV, respectively (Figure 1). Protein sequence analysis shows that closely related FveHDZs in the same subfamilies have similar lengths (Table 1). In addition, the FveHDZs from subfamily III (838–849 aa) and IV (709–829 aa) are significantly longer than the ones from subfamily I (172–329 aa) and II (209–340 aa).
Using the MEME suite, a total of 18 conserved motifs were identified in the 31 FveHDZs (Figure 1 and Figure S2). As expected, motifs 1 and 2 that correspond to the HD domain, as well as motif 3 equal to the LZ motif, were found in all the FveHDZs. The other motifs only existed in one or two subfamilies. For example, motifs 4, 5 and 6 corresponding to the START domain were merely present in subfamily III and IV; motif 10 specifying the MEKHLA domain was specific to subfamily III, while motif 18 corresponding to the CPSCE motif was found only in subfamily II and III. Besides, similar to the Arabidopsis HD-Zips in subfamily IV [4], the FveHDZs in subfamily IV characteristically contained two LZ motifs adjacent to the HD domain. These results demonstrate that the FveHDZs in the same subfamily share a common motif composition, which supports the classification of the 31 FveHDZs from our phylogenetic tree.

2.3. Chromosomal Location, Gene Structure, and Synteny Analyses of FveHDZs

Exon-intron structures and chromosomal locations of the 31 FveHDZs were retrieved from the genome annotation file of F. vesca (Table 1 and Figure 1). The results show that the members within the same subfamily generally share similar gene structures and intron numbers. Besides, the introns of FveHDZs from subfamily III (17) and IV (9 to 11) are much more than those from subfamily I (0 to 3) and II (2 to 3). Most chromosomes contain 3–5 FveHDZs from different subfamilies, while chromosome LG6 harbors the most (7), and chromosome LG2 harbors the least number (2) of the genes (Table S1 and Figure 2).
Additionally, syntenic regions in the F. vesca genome were analyzed by the MCScanX software [41], and possible evolutionary relationships among the 31 FveHDZs were identified. The results showed that thirteen of them were derived from WGD/segmental duplication, one was from proximal duplication, and the others were dispersed genes (Table 1). The thirteen WGD/segmental duplicate FveHDZs comprised seven duplicate pairs of which four, two, and one pairs belonged to subfamily I, II, and IV, respectively (Table 1 and Figure 2). No WGD/segmental duplication event was found in subfamily III. These results suggest that WGD/segmental duplication was the main mechanism for the expansion of FveHDZs which we could trace.

2.4. Promoter Analysis of FveHDZs

To investigate the possible regulatory mechanism of FveHDZs, 1.5 kb promoter sequences upstream of the transcription start sites (ATGs) were extracted and used for cis-element prediction. As a result, 48 different cis-elements were identified and could be divided into four categories: 11 phytohormone response related, 6 abiotic and biotic stress response related, 7 plant growth and development related, and 24 light response-related cis-elements (Table S2). Among these cis-elements, ABRE which is regarded as an ABA response element [42] occurred the third most frequently (46 times, Table S2) in the FveHDZ promoters. Particularly, more than 80% of the ABREs were found in subfamily I (29/46) and II (9/46). A total of eight FveHDZs, including four from subfamily I, three from II, and 1 from IV, had more than three ABREs predicted in their promoters, where FveHDZ4 from subfamily I contained the most ABREs (8). These results suggest that the FveHDZs, especially those from subfamily I and II, are likely involved in the ABA-mediated processes of F. vesca.

2.5. Expression Analysis of FveHDZs during Fruit Development and Ripening

We then investigated expression profiles of the FveHDZs in different ABA-mediated processes, to figure out whether and which members of the family play a role in these processes. First, the fruit ripening process. We downloaded the transcriptome data of F. vesca fruits from the open online resources (Materials and Methods), and analyzed FveHDZ expression levels in various developmental and ripening tissues/stages. During achene development, all 31 FveHDZs except FveHDZ12 were expressed (Figure 3a). Most FveHDZs in subfamily I and II, such as FveHDZ2 and 16, were mainly expressed in tissues other than the embryo and had larger expression changes among the tissues than among the stages. The expression levels of FveHDZ3, 4, 6, and 16 gradually increased, while those of FveHDZ7, 14, and 18 decreased, during both ghost and wall development. Different from the other members, FveHDZ5 was expressed specifically in the embryos with its peak at stage 4 (the torpedo-shaped embryo, Figure 3a), suggesting that FveHDZ5 may play a role in the embryo development of F. vesca. In contrast, all the FveHDZs in subfamily III and IV except FveHDZ23 were highly expressed in every achene tissue, with small expression changes among the tissues/stages (Figure 3a). Together, these results demonstrate that the FveHDZs from subfamily I and II have diversified expression patterns, while those from subfamily III and IV have a constitutive expression pattern, in achene development.
During receptacle development from stage 1 to stage 5, all the FveHDZs in subfamily IV were preferentially expressed in the cortex, while a majority of FveHDZs (17/24) from subfamily I-III showed similar expression levels in both cortex and pith (Figure 3b). In the ripening stages of the receptacle from SW to Red, most FveHDZs (19/31) exhibited decreased expression levels (Figure 3c). Among the remaining 12 FveHDZs, 5 were highly expressed throughout the ripening stages, while 3 (FveHDZ4, 17, and 20) from subfamily I and II displayed an increasing trend. Particularly, the expression of FveHDZ4 and 20 was greatly enhanced at the Pre-T stage when the ABA content starts to dramatically boost in receptacles and the fruits transit from immature to ripe [45]. This suggests that these two FveHDZs may be induced by ABA in the receptacles and play roles in the ripening of F. vesca fruits.

2.6. Expression Analysis of FveHDZs in Response to ABA

Second, the rapid response to ABA. Based on the above promoter and expression analyses, we selected 18 FveHDZs, including 8, 5, 1, and 4 from subfamily I, II, III, and IV, respectively, for this and the following expression analyses. In this experiment, exogenous ABA was applied to detached leaves, and expression of the 18 FveHDZs was examined at 0, 3, 6, and 12 h. As shown in Figure 4, 11 and 5 genes had more than 1.5-fold up-regulated and down-regulated expression, respectively, in response to the ABA treatment. Among them, 12 genes already exhibited significant expression changes at 3 h compared with 0 h, e.g., FveHDZ4 and 11, whose expression varied remarkably and reached their top and bottom levels, respectively (Figure 4). These results indicate that these FveHDZs are able to respond to ABA very rapidly. On the other hand, 9 of the 11 ABA-induced FveHDZs were from subfamilies I and II. In other words, approximately 70% (9/13) of the studied FveHDZs in subfamily I and II had significantly increased expression within the 12 h ABA treatment. This suggests that most FveHDZs in subfamily I and II can be rapidly induced by ABA and participate in the downstream signaling pathways.

2.7. Expression Analysis of FveHDZs in ABA-Induced Leaf Senescence

Third, the ABA-induced leaf senescence. We incubated detached F. vesca leaves in dark with 100 μM ABA or 0.02% DMSO solvent (without ABA, as a control), and found that the addition of ABA greatly accelerated the yellowing of the leaves (Figure S4A). Moreover, the marked increase in expression of the senescence marker gene FveSAG12 was observed at 1 d and 5 d after the incubation with and without ABA, respectively (Figure S4B,C). This indicated that leaf senescence occurred approximately four days earlier with ABA than in the control, and ABA significantly promoted the senescence process of these detached leaves in dark.
Accordingly, we measured the expression levels of the 18 selected FveHDZs in the incubated leaves from 0 d to 5 d. The RT-qPCR results showed that 15 FveHDZs had significant expression differences between the leaves incubated with and without ABA (Figure 5). Thereinto, eight genes, seven of which were from subfamily I and II, exhibited significantly increased expression in the ABA-treated leaves than in the control. Further, these expression increases could be clearly detected after a 1-day incubation with ABA in six of the eight FveHDZs, e.g., FveHDZ1, 4, and 20, similar to in FveSAG12. This strongly suggests that these six genes played a role in ABA-induced leaf senescence. In contrast, seven genes from all the four subfamilies, such as FveHDZ11, 15, 22, and 30, demonstrated significantly reduced expression during the 5-day incubation with ABA. Their expression was either increased or unaltered in the control leaves, suggesting that these genes were repressed in the ABA-induced leaf senescence.

2.8. Expression Analysis of FveHDZs in Response to Dehydration

Forth, leaf dehydration. It has been widely reported that drought stress leads to rapid increase of endogenous ABA content in leaves [46]. In this experiment, we placed the detached F. vesca leaves in boxes for dehydration (Materials and Methods). To test whether this treatment was effective, we examined water loss from the leaves and expression of FveNCED1, the key ABA synthesis gene in response to drought stress [47], from 0 h to 12 h. The results showed that the water loss already reached about 20% at 1 h (Figure 6a). Meanwhile, the FveNCED1 expression had been strongly induced (Figure 6b), strongly supporting that the leaves were dehydrated, and endogenous ABA was rapidly synthesized.
We next investigated the expression of 14 of the above 18 FveHDZs which exhibited differential expression patterns among each other in the above analyses. As shown in Figure 6c, 13 of these 14 FveHDZs, except FveHDZ1, had more than 1.5-fold expression changes during the 12-h dehydration. Among them, only expression of FveHDZ3, 4, and 20 was markedly enhanced within 6 h and remained significantly higher than 0 h during the following period (Figure 6c). Expression of the other three dehydration-induced FveHDZs all transiently increased and fell back to the control levels (0 h) at the end of the experiment. On the other hand, there were seven FveHDZs demonstrating significantly decreased expression during dehydration. Particularly, expression levels of FveHDZ11, 22, and 26 were strongly reduced to less than 20% of control at 6 h, suggesting that they were repressed in response to the increase in water loss and/or ABA content in the leaves. Overall, these results indicated that most studied FveHDZs were likely involved in the dehydration-induced responses in the detached leaves.

2.9. Binding of FveHDZs to the Promoter Fragments of Protein Phosphatase 2C Genes (PP2Cs) in Y1H Assays

It has been demonstrated that two ABA-induced HD-Zip proteins (ATHB7 and 12) are negative regulators of ABA signaling by activating PP2C genes in Arabidopsis [32]. To test whether FveHDZs can interact with the promoters of FvePP2C genes in F. vesca, we selected two FveHDZs, FveHDZ4 and 20, which exhibited consistently and highly increased expression in all the above analyses (Figure 7) for the Y1H assays. Two PP2C genes, FvePP2C6 and FvePP2C1, whose expression patterns were similar to that of FveHDZ4 during fruit ripening (Figure S5) were selected as the candidate target genes. Two fragments (FvePP2C6-F1 and FvePP2C6-F2) from the FvePP2C6 promoter and one fragment (FvePP2C1-F1) from the FvePP2C1 promoter, which contained the known HD-Zip-binding sites, were used in the Y1H assay (Figure 8a,b, and Figure S6). As a result, the assay between FveHDZ4 and the promoter fragment FvePP2C6-F2 showed possible interaction (Figure 8c), suggesting that FveHDZ4 may have the ability to bind the promoter of FvePP2C6.

3. Discussion

In this study, a comprehensive analysis of HD-Zip family genes was performed in F. vesca. A total of 31 FveHDZs were identified and classified into four subfamilies, I-IV, corresponding to the subfamilies HD-Zip I-IV in Arabidopsis, respectively (Figure S1). Our following analyses revealed that gene structure, as well as motif/domain composition and protein length of the FveHDZs, exhibited subfamily-specific patterns. Moreover, these patterns are mostly consistent with the previous reports in other plants, such as Arabidopsis [4], rice [7], and peach [48], providing further evidence for our classification of the FveHDZs.
The number of FveHDZ genes is much smaller than the HD-Zip numbers in Arabidopsis (48)[6], poplar (63)[6], rice (48)[7], and maize (55)[49] (Figure S7). MCscanX analysis suggested that the expansion of FveHDZs may be mainly resulted from WGD/segmental duplication. Compared with the above three plant species, F. vesca did not undergo any recent WGD duplication event after the divergence of core eudicots (Figure S7) [50], which may account for the smallest number of HD-Zip genes in its genome. Grape and peach, which contain similar numbers of HD-Zips with F. vesca (Figure S7), did not undergo recent WGDs, either [50]. Additionally, Of the 13 WGD/segmental duplicate FveHDZs, 6 have orthologous grape HD-zips (Figure S1, Table S3) located in the syntenic regions in the grape genome [51]. The latest WGD event shared by F. vesca and grape was proposed to have occurred in the common ancestor of all core eudicots [50]. Therefore, those orthologous WGD/segmental duplicate HD-Zips may likely be traced back to this ancestral WGD event. Taken together, the consistency between the HD-Zip number and the occurrence of recent WGD(s) supports the idea that WGD/segmental duplication was the main mechanism for the HD-Zip expansion in eudicots.
ABA is a central hormone in controlling fruit ripening and other developmental and stress processes in strawberries [36]. The genes from HD-Zip I in Arabidopsis have been shown to play an important role in the ABA signaling pathway [4,8,32]. However, whether the FveHDZs from subfamily I and other subfamilies are involved in ABA signaling and responses remains unclear. Our RT-qPCR results demonstrate that 10 of the 14 investigated FveHDZs (71.4%) were consistently >1.5-fold up-regulated or down-regulated in expression in the three ABA-mediated processes in leaves, including rapid ABA response, dehydration, and ABA-induced senescence (Figure 7). Analyses of the online transcriptome data of F. vesca receptacles reveal that five of these ten FveHDZs also exhibited similar expression changes along with the increased ABA content during fruit ripening. Therefore, it is likely that these five FveHDZs, including FveHDZ4 and 11 from subfamily I and FveHDZ20, 22, and 30 from subfamily II, IV, and III, respectively, are involved in ABA responses in F. vesca.
Of these five FveHDZs, two genes (FveHDZ4 and 20) were consistently up-regulated in all four investigated processes, whereas the remaining three genes were down-regulated. This indicates that these two kinds of FveHDZs may be modulated by different upstream TFs and meanwhile modulate different downstream genes in the ABA signaling pathway. The other investigated FveHDZs exhibited diverse expression changes among leaves and fruits, or even among the three processes in leaves, suggesting that their expression is regulated in a tissue- and/or process-specific manner. It would be interesting to find out whether their roles in the control of downstream gene expression are different among the tissues/processes or not in future studies. Overall, our expression profiling of the FveHDZ genes provides a clue for characterizing the comprehensive scene of the genetic mechanism of ABA responses in terms of the HD-Zip gene family.
Previous studies in climacteric fruits have revealed that the LeHB-1 (HD-Zip I gene) in tomato and the PpHB.G7 (HD-Zip II gene) in peach positively regulates fruit ripening [15,16]. F. vesca is a model plant for studying non-climacteric fruit ripening [37]. According to the transcriptome analyses, FveHDZ4 and 20 were strongly up-regulated at the Pre-T stage of the ripening fruits and then highly expressed thereafter (Figure 3c). The Pre-T stage was considered to be the transition stage from immature to ripe fruits in F. vesca, and the ABA content in F. vesca fruits exhibited a very high increase since the Pre-T stage [45]. This concordance between FveHDZ4/20 expression and ABA content suggests that FveHDZ4 and 20 may be induced by the increased ABA levels, and play a role during the fruit ripening process. Altogether, our results provide evidence that the HD-Zip genes also have regulatory functions in the ripening of non-climacteric fruits.
Leaf dehydration and senescence are two typical processes mediated by ABA [27,29]. As important TFs induced by ABA, many HD-Zip proteins have been shown to participate in the dehydration/drought and senescence processes as well. For instance, the ABA-induced HD-Zip genes in Arabidopsis, ATHB6, 7 and 12, could also be rapidly up-regulated by drought [30,52,53]; and ATHB6 overexpression can enhance the drought tolerance of maize [53]. Moreover, ATHB7 [12], as well as the ABA-induced HD-Zips in other plants, e.g., Oshox4 [7], Hahb-4 [54,55], and CsHB5 [13], are involved in plant senescence. Our experiments confirm the important roles of ABA in leaf dehydration and senescence in F. vesca. Expression of the key ABA synthesis gene FveNCED1 was strongly and rapidly enhanced during leaf dehydration, and continuous ABA treatment markedly accelerated leaf senescence. Correspondingly, 6 of the 14 investigated FveHDZs, such as FveHDZ4 and 20, were significantly up-regulated in expression. From the phylogenetic analyses, FveHDZ4 and 20 are the orthologs of ATHB7 and 12 (Figure S1). The consistency in their expression patterns in response to ABA and dehydration suggests that FveHDZ4 and 20 likely have similar roles with ATHB7 and 12 in these processes.
ABRE has been regarded as a major cis-acting regulatory element in ABA-dependent gene expression [42]. Our promoter analysis indicates that ABRE is the third most abundant cis-element detected in the promoters of the 31 FveHDZs. RT-qPCR results demonstrate that 12 of the 14 ABRE-containing FveHDZs could respond to the ABA treatment in a short time (Figure 7). Additionally, the prevalence of ABREs in the promoters of subfamily I and II FveHDZs is in accordance with the significantly enhanced expression of most of these genes upon the ABA treatment of leaves (Figure 7). FveHDZ4, whose promoter contains the most ABREs, displayed the most strongly and rapidly responses. Although counter-examples existed, our results support the idea that multiple ABREs contribute to a rapid ABA response [56].
The clade A PP2C genes play a central role in the ABA-perception mechanism, acting as negative regulators of ABA signaling [57]. In Arabidopsis, two HD-Zip proteins (ATHB7 and ATHB12) have been demonstrated to bind with PP2C promoters, and positively regulate the genes [32]. The athb7athb12 double mutant lost the capacity to respond to increases in ABA content, which is similar to the pp2c triple mutants, indicating that HD-Zip genes are important for the maintenance of ABA sensitivity in plants [32]. The Y1H assay in this study suggests that FveHDZ4 may have the ability to directly bind the FvePP2C6 promoter. Expression of FveHDZ4 and FvePP2C6 exhibits consistently similar variation patterns among the tissues/stages during fruit development and ripening (Figure S5, correlation coefficient = 0.896 between expression levels of FveHDZ4 and FvePP2C6 shown in Figure S5), supporting that the FvePP2C6 expression may be induced by FveHDZ4. These results provide preliminary evidence for the regulatory role of FveHDZ4 in modulating the FvePP2C6 expression. Further experiments are needed to confirm the interaction of FveHDZ4 and the FvePP2C6 promoter, and to figure out whether the synchronously enhanced expression of FveHDZ4 and FvePP2C6 is common in all ABA-mediated processes. These future studies may help us to understand the role of FveHDZ4 and other FveHDZs in the regulation of FvePP2C genes and ABA signaling in F. vesca.
Another interesting observation is that FveHDZ5 was almost uniquely expressed in the embryos from stage 3 to stage 5 according to the transcriptome data analysis in F. vesca fruits. According to the previous description [40], the seed at stage 3 contains a heart stage embryo, while at stage 5, the two cotyledons of the embryo stay upright and fill the entire seed, indicating the maturation of the embryo. Our promoter analysis shows that there is an RY-element present in the promoter of FveHDZ5 (Table S2). Studies have demonstrated that the RY-element mainly exists in the promoters of seed-specific genes and is important for their expression during plant embryo development [58,59]. Consequently, it is likely that FveHDZ5 is an embryo-specific gene and may play a role in the embryo development of woodland strawberry.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Identification and Analysis of HD-Zip Family Proteins in F. vesca

The whole genome and protein sequences of F. vesca (v4.0.a2) were obtained from the Genome Database for Rosaceae (GDR, https://www.rosaceae.org, accessed on 23 December 2021). If there were more than one protein annotated for the same gene because of alternative splicing, the longest form was used for our analysis. Full-alignment sequences of the homeobox domain (HD, PF00046) were used as queries to identify the putative HD proteins in F. vesca by the local HMM-based searches using HMMER3 [60]. Domains presented in the target proteins were further validated by Pfam35.0 (http://pfam.xfam.org/, accessed on 28 December 2021), the Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool (SMART; http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/, accessed on 28 December 2021), and the Conserved Domain Database (CDD; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi, accessed on 28 December 2021) available from NCBI, with a threshold of E-value < 1 × 10−5. According to previous reports [61,62], HD proteins in F. vesca containing the characteristic domains of other family genes (e.g., PHD, POX, KNOX, DDT) were removed. The remaining HD proteins were then submitted to the MEME suite 5.4.1 (http://meme-suite.org/tools/meme, accessed on 6 January 2022) to identify the LZ (leucine zipper) motif. The proteins containing both the HD domain and LZ motif were regarded as HD-Zip family proteins in F. vesca.
The conserved motifs in HD-Zips were further predicted using the MEME program with the following parameters: number of repetitions, any; the maximum number of motifs, 18 and the optimum motif widths, between 5 and 50 residues, and the E-value of each motif was set to be less than 1 × 10−5. The predicted motifs were further analyzed by searching against the InterProScan database (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/pfa/iprscan/, accessed on 12 January 2022). Biochemical parameters of HD-Zip proteins were calculated by the ExPASy database (https://web.expasy.org/protparam/, accessed on 13 January 2022), and subcellular parameters of them were predicted by the Plant-mPLoc (http://www.csbio.sjtu.edu.cn/bioinf/plant-multi/, accessed on 13 January 2022).

4.2. Phylogenetic Analysis and Gene Nomenclature

The 48, 33, and 33 HD-Zips from Arabidopsis, peach, and grape, respectively, were obtained from previous papers [6,48,51]. Multiple sequence alignments of the full-length protein sequences from different species were performed by MUSCLE v3.8.31 with default parameters [63]. Then, MEGA10 was used to construct the phylogenetic tree using the neighbor-joining method with the Jones-Taylor-Thornton (JTT) model [64]. A total of 1000 bootstrapping replicates were analyzed with the partial deletion model for gaps/missing data.
The HD-Zips from F. vesca were named by arabic numerals following the F. vesca abbreviation. For convenience, a three-letter abbreviation (Fve) was used according to the nomenclature system proposed by the Rosaceae research community [65]. The accession number of each HD-Zip gene in F. vesca (referred to as FveHDZ) was listed in Table S1.

4.3. Gene Structure, Chromosomal Location, and Gene Duplication

The exon/intron organization and chromosomal location for the individual FveHDZ were achieved from the genomic and transcriptional annotation information obtained from the GDR. The schematic diagram of chromosomes was drawn by MapInspect software. The possible duplication mechanisms were analyzed by MCscanX [41].

4.4. Identification of Putative Promoter Cis-Acting Elements

Cis-acting elements located in the FveHDZ promoters were analyzed from the 1500 bp regions upstream of the transcription start sites using the PlantCARE database (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/, accessed on 22 January 2022).

4.5. Plant Materials and Stress Treatments

Seeds of F. vesca (inbred line Hawaii 4, a gift from Dr. Janet Slovin) were surface-sterilized and grown in MS media as described by Wang et al. [47]. Well-expanded leaves cut from 50-day-old seedlings were used in the following treatments. All the samples were immediately put into liquid nitrogen for RNA extraction after treatments.
In the experiment of rapid responses to ABA, the leaves were first put into sterile water containing 0.02% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, used for the dissolution of ABA), and then shaken gently (100 rpm/min) overnight at 22 °C in dim light. On the second day, leaves were transferred to a new bottle with 100 μM ABA in 100 mL water for ABA treatment, and collected at 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 12 h, respectively.
In the ABA-induced senescence experiment, the leaves were placed in sterile plates with 30 mL water. A total of 100 μM ABA or 0.02% (v/v) DMSO solvent (as a vehicle control) was added to the leaves. All plates were put into a dark environment at 22 °C. The leaves with ABA were collected at 0 d, 1 d, 3 d, and 5 d, while the leaves without ABA were collected at 0 d, 1 d, 3 d, 5 d, 7 d, 9 d, 11 d, respectively.
For the dehydration treatment, the leaves were first placed in boxes without covers at 22 °C for 60% humidity under dim light. After 1 h, the water loss of leaves reached about 20%, and the boxes were covered with plastic films to slow down further dehydration. Dehydrated samples were collected at 1 h, 6 h, 12 h, respectively, and leaves without treatment (0 h) were used as control.

4.6. Transcriptome Retrieve

Transcriptome data of FveHDZs in different fruit tissues/developmental stages was downloaded from http://bioinformatics.towson.edu/strawberry/ (accessed on 3 February 2022) [43,44,66]. Transcriptome data of FveHDZs in receptacles at different ripening stages were obtained from Gu et al. [45]. It should be noted that, the receptacles of F. vesca fruits contain two tissues: pith and cortex. The achenes on receptacles, which were usually called strawberry seeds, can be further divided into three parts: ovary wall, ghost, and embryo [40].

4.7. Yeast One-Hybrid Assay

The primer pairs FvePP2C6-F1_F and FvePP2C6-F1_R, FvePP2C6-F2_F and FvePP2C6-F2_R, FvePP2C1-F1_F and FvePP2C1-F1_R were used to amplify the promoter fragments FvePP2C6-F1, FvePP2C6-F2, and FvePP2C1-F1 (Figure S6), respectively, and the products were inserted into the pAbAi vector (Clontech). The primer pairs FveHDZ4-CDS_F and FveHDZ4-CDS_R, FveHDZ20-CDS_F, and FveHDZ20-CDS_R were used to amplify the coding sequences of FveHDZ4 and FveHDZ20, respectively, and the products were ligated into the pGADT7 vector (Clontech). The yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay was conducted using the MatchmakerTM Gold Yeast One-Hybrid Library Screening System (Cat.no. 630491, Clontech). All primers used were listed in Table S4.

4.8. RNA Extraction, RT-qPCR Analysis, and the Selection of FveHDZs

Total RNA of each sample was extracted with a modified CTAB method [67]. Primerscript RT reagent Kit with gDNA Erase (Takara) was used to generate cDNA according to the manufacturer’s protocol. RT-qPCR reactions were carried out with SYBR Premix Ex Taq II (Takara) on a Bio-Rad CFX96. The relative expression levels were analyzed with the ΔΔCT method using FveCHC1 as the reference gene [68]. Three biological and three technical replicates were performed for RT-qPCR. All of the specific primers we used for RT-qPCR were listed in Table S5. The specificity and amplification efficiency of the RT-qPCR primers were validated through PCR amplification and the melting curves generated by the RT-qPCR system during the reactions.

5. Conclusions

In conclusion, we performed a comprehensive analysis of HD-Zip family genes in F. vesca, including phylogeny, gene and protein structure, expansion mechanism, expression during fruit development and ripening, and responses to different ABA-related treatments. Our results demonstrate that there are 31 FveHDZs in the genome and WGD/segmental duplication mainly contributes to the expansion of FveHDZs. The 31 FveHDZs are well classified into four subfamilies, and each subfamily has unique structural characteristics. ABREs are the third most abundant cis-elements for FveHDZs, and mainly distributed in the promoters of subfamily I and II genes. RT-qPCR results show that the FveHDZs, especially those from subfamilies I and II, could be significantly induced by ABA. Noticeably, FveHDZ4 and FveHDZ20 were consistently strongly and rapidly up-regulated in all the four ABA-mediated processes investigated in this study, including ABA response, ABA-induced leaf senescence, dehydration, and fruit ripening. Y1H results suggest that FveHDZ4 could bind the promoter of an ABA signaling gene FvePP2C6. Taken together, our findings indicate an important regulatory role of FveHDZs in ABA signaling and responses in F. vesca and would facilitate the functional characterization of HD-Zip family genes in strawberry and other plants.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/plants11233367/s1, Figure S1: Phylogenetic clustering of HD-Zip proteins from F. vesca, Arabidopsis, grape, and peach; Figure S2: The sequence logos of each motif for FveHDZ proteins; Figure S3: The protein sequence alignment of FveHDZ25 and FvH4_3g22020; Figure S4: F. vesca leaves with different treatment days and relative expression of the senescence-associated gene (FveSAG, FvH4_5g06770) in leaf by dark treatment with DMSO or ABA; Figure S5: Expression profiles of the 10 FvePP2Cs and 2 FveHDZs in achene development and receptacle development and ripening; Figure S6: The sequence of two fragments (FvePP2C6-F1 and FvePP2C6-F2) from FvePP2C6 promoter and one fragment (FvePP2C1-F1) from FvePP2C1 promoter, which were used for yeast one-hybrid assays; Figure S7: The Taxonomy Common Tree of the 7 species and the number of HD-Zip family genes in each species investigated; Table S1: Features of the putative FveHDZ genes in F. vesca; Table S2: Identification of cis-element in the promoter region of FveHDZ genes; Table S3: The grape HD-Zip orthologs of the 13 WGD/segmental duplicate FveHDZs; Table S4: The primers used in the yeast one-hybrid assays; Table S5: The primers used in our study for qRT-PCR.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Y.W. and J.D.; Investigation, Y.W., X.W. and C.L.; Methodology, Y.W., J.D. and Y.L.; Funding acquisition, Y.W., J.D. and L.G.; Formal analysis, Y.W., J.F., J.D., X.W., L.G. and C.L.; Project administration and supervision, J.D., T.G. and Y.L.; Writing—original draft, Y.W. and J.D.; Writing—review and editing, Y.W., J.F., J.D., T.G. and Y.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFD1000800), the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund [CX(21)3017], the Doctoral startup fund of Henan Agricultural University (30500970), and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

We thank Janet Slovin for the gift of inbred line Hawaii 4 seeds used in this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Evolutionary relationships (left), conserved motifs (middle), and gene structures (right) of HD-ZIP family genes in F. vesca. The unrooted neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA10 based on the full-length sequences of the 31 FveHDZ proteins. Bootstrap values > 50 are shown. Genes in the subfamilies I-IV are indicated by different color blocks and lines in the phylogenetic tree. The motifs, numbered 1–20, were displayed in different colored boxes.
Figure 1. Evolutionary relationships (left), conserved motifs (middle), and gene structures (right) of HD-ZIP family genes in F. vesca. The unrooted neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA10 based on the full-length sequences of the 31 FveHDZ proteins. Bootstrap values > 50 are shown. Genes in the subfamilies I-IV are indicated by different color blocks and lines in the phylogenetic tree. The motifs, numbered 1–20, were displayed in different colored boxes.
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Figure 2. Physical locations of FveHDZs on F. vesca chromosomes. Chromosome numbers were indicated at the top of each chromosome. The scale at the left represented the length of the chromosome. Seven pairs of FveHDZs connected by dash lines with different colors resulted from WGD/segmental duplication. FvH4_3g22020 was classified to be a WGD/segmental duplicate gene with FveHDZ25 by the MCscanX analysis, but was not included in the HD-Zip family as its coding protein did not contain the HD domain and LZ motifs in the N terminus (Figure S3).
Figure 2. Physical locations of FveHDZs on F. vesca chromosomes. Chromosome numbers were indicated at the top of each chromosome. The scale at the left represented the length of the chromosome. Seven pairs of FveHDZs connected by dash lines with different colors resulted from WGD/segmental duplication. FvH4_3g22020 was classified to be a WGD/segmental duplicate gene with FveHDZ25 by the MCscanX analysis, but was not included in the HD-Zip family as its coding protein did not contain the HD domain and LZ motifs in the N terminus (Figure S3).
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Figure 3. Expression patterns of FveHDZs in achene development (a) and receptacle development (b) and ripening (c). (a,b) Achenes included the ovule, seed, embryo, ghost, and wall tissues, and receptacles included the cortex and pith tissues. Numbers after the tissues indicated different fruit development stages. Data from Kang et al. [43] and Hollender et al. [44]. (c) SW, small white; BW, big white; and Pre-T, pre-turning. Data from Gu et al. [45]. The heat map showed log2 “relative RPKM values” of individual FveHDZ genes. Gray boxes indicated undetectable expression of the genes.
Figure 3. Expression patterns of FveHDZs in achene development (a) and receptacle development (b) and ripening (c). (a,b) Achenes included the ovule, seed, embryo, ghost, and wall tissues, and receptacles included the cortex and pith tissues. Numbers after the tissues indicated different fruit development stages. Data from Kang et al. [43] and Hollender et al. [44]. (c) SW, small white; BW, big white; and Pre-T, pre-turning. Data from Gu et al. [45]. The heat map showed log2 “relative RPKM values” of individual FveHDZ genes. Gray boxes indicated undetectable expression of the genes.
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Figure 4. Relative expression levels of FveHDZ genes in leaves under ABA treatment. Expression at 0 h was normalized as “1” and used as control for each gene. Data were shown as mean ± standard deviation derived from three biological replicates, and different letters above the bars indicate significant differences based on Duncan’s multiple range tests (p < 0.05, n = 3).
Figure 4. Relative expression levels of FveHDZ genes in leaves under ABA treatment. Expression at 0 h was normalized as “1” and used as control for each gene. Data were shown as mean ± standard deviation derived from three biological replicates, and different letters above the bars indicate significant differences based on Duncan’s multiple range tests (p < 0.05, n = 3).
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Figure 5. Relative expression levels of FveHDZs in the leaves in dark treated with (grey columns) or without (white columns) ABA. Expression at 0 d was normalized as “1” for each gene. Data were shown as mean ± standard deviation derived from three biological replicates, and different letters above the bars indicate significant differences based on Duncan’s multiple range tests (p < 0.05, n = 3).
Figure 5. Relative expression levels of FveHDZs in the leaves in dark treated with (grey columns) or without (white columns) ABA. Expression at 0 d was normalized as “1” for each gene. Data were shown as mean ± standard deviation derived from three biological replicates, and different letters above the bars indicate significant differences based on Duncan’s multiple range tests (p < 0.05, n = 3).
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Figure 6. Water loss and relative gene expression levels during leaf dehydration. (a) The water loss rate of the dehydrating leaves. (b) Relative expression levels of FveNCED1 (FvH4_3g16730), the key ABA synthesis gene in response to drought stress [45]. (c) Relative expression levels of FveHDZs. Expression at 0 h was normalized as “1” for each gene. Data were shown as mean ± standard deviation derived from three biological replicates, and different letters above the bars indicate significant differences based on Duncan’s multiple range tests (p < 0.05, n = 3).
Figure 6. Water loss and relative gene expression levels during leaf dehydration. (a) The water loss rate of the dehydrating leaves. (b) Relative expression levels of FveNCED1 (FvH4_3g16730), the key ABA synthesis gene in response to drought stress [45]. (c) Relative expression levels of FveHDZs. Expression at 0 h was normalized as “1” for each gene. Data were shown as mean ± standard deviation derived from three biological replicates, and different letters above the bars indicate significant differences based on Duncan’s multiple range tests (p < 0.05, n = 3).
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Figure 7. Summary of expression patterns of the selected 18 FveHDZs in the four ABA-mediated processes. Red “↑”, blue “↓”, and black “=“ indicate ≥1.5-fold up-regulated, ≥1.5-fold down-regulated, and almost unchanged expressions, respectively. Results of the fruit ripening process were based on the transcriptome data from Gu et al. [43] (Figure 3c). Results of the other three processes were based on the RT-qPCR analyses in this study (Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6). NA, Not examined; ABRE, ABA-responsive element; SW, Small white stage.
Figure 7. Summary of expression patterns of the selected 18 FveHDZs in the four ABA-mediated processes. Red “↑”, blue “↓”, and black “=“ indicate ≥1.5-fold up-regulated, ≥1.5-fold down-regulated, and almost unchanged expressions, respectively. Results of the fruit ripening process were based on the transcriptome data from Gu et al. [43] (Figure 3c). Results of the other three processes were based on the RT-qPCR analyses in this study (Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6). NA, Not examined; ABRE, ABA-responsive element; SW, Small white stage.
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Figure 8. Possible interaction between HD-Zip proteins and FvePP2C promoters tested by yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) analysis. FveHDZ4 and FveHDZ20 proteins, as well as two fragments from the FvePP2C6 promoter (FvePP2C6-F1 and FvePP2C6-F2, the upper in (a)) and one fragment from the FvePP2C1 promoter (FvePP2C1-F1, the lower in (a)), were used in the Y1H assay (c). (a) Location of the selected fragments in the promoters of FvePP2C6 (upper) and FvePP2C1 (lower). The upstream 1500 bp region of the transcription start site (ATG) was shown as the promoter. (b) Binding sequences of Arabidopsis HD-Zip proteins ATHB-1 and ATHB-2 [4], and the putative FveHDZ-binding sequences found in FvePP2C6-F1, FvePP2C6-F2, and FvePP2C1-F1 (indicated with the underline). The length of each selected fragment as indicated in the parentheses behind the fragment name. (c) Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) analysis between FveHDZ4/FveHDZ20 proteins and the FvePP2C6 and FvePP2C1 promoter fragments. No basal activity of these promoter fragments was detected on the medium containing Aureobasidin A (AbA, 200 ng/mL). –AbA and +AbA means without and with AbA in the medium, respectively.
Figure 8. Possible interaction between HD-Zip proteins and FvePP2C promoters tested by yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) analysis. FveHDZ4 and FveHDZ20 proteins, as well as two fragments from the FvePP2C6 promoter (FvePP2C6-F1 and FvePP2C6-F2, the upper in (a)) and one fragment from the FvePP2C1 promoter (FvePP2C1-F1, the lower in (a)), were used in the Y1H assay (c). (a) Location of the selected fragments in the promoters of FvePP2C6 (upper) and FvePP2C1 (lower). The upstream 1500 bp region of the transcription start site (ATG) was shown as the promoter. (b) Binding sequences of Arabidopsis HD-Zip proteins ATHB-1 and ATHB-2 [4], and the putative FveHDZ-binding sequences found in FvePP2C6-F1, FvePP2C6-F2, and FvePP2C1-F1 (indicated with the underline). The length of each selected fragment as indicated in the parentheses behind the fragment name. (c) Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) analysis between FveHDZ4/FveHDZ20 proteins and the FvePP2C6 and FvePP2C1 promoter fragments. No basal activity of these promoter fragments was detected on the medium containing Aureobasidin A (AbA, 200 ng/mL). –AbA and +AbA means without and with AbA in the medium, respectively.
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Table
Table 1. Characteristics of the putative HD-Zip family members in F. vesca.
Table 1. Characteristics of the putative HD-Zip family members in F. vesca.
Gene NameSubfamily Intron No.Protein FeaturesDuplication Type
Protein Length (aa 1)Molecular Weight (kDa)Isoelectric Point (PI)GRAVY 2Subcellular localization
FveHDZ1I228632.78210 5.30 −1.076NucleusWGD/segmental
FveHDZ2I232937.208925.18−0.881NucleusWGD/segmental
FveHDZ3I122826.556555.54−1.125NucleusWGD/segmental
FveHDZ4I124327.911694.9−1.095NucleusWGD/segmental
FveHDZ5I223727.453718.49−1.033Nucleusdispersed
FveHDZ6I331035.289064.84−0.815Nucleusdispersed
FveHDZ7I232737.145134.93−0.835NucleusWGD/segmental
FveHDZ8I232636.838494.74−0.802NucleusWGD/segmental
FveHDZ9I232035.903816.4−0.932NucleusWGD/segmental
FveHDZ10I230434.488546.12−0.846NucleusWGD/segmental
FveHDZ11I017219.765439.1−0.701Nucleusdispersed
FveHDZ12I221224.677989.2−0.924Nucleusdispersed
FveHDZ13I221524.788026.47−0.886Nucleusdispersed
FveHDZ14II232636.001386.24−0.525NucleusWGD/segmental
FveHDZ15II331735.681988.48−0.874NucleusWGD/segmental
FveHDZ16II227731.139878.43−0.851NucleusWGD/segmental
FveHDZ17II223126.444078.84−0.848Nucleusdispersed
FveHDZ18II334238.010788.68−0.695Nucleusdispersed
FveHDZ19II320923.314468.94−0.732Nucleusdispersed
FveHDZ20II225328.408857.69−0.872NucleusWGD/segmental
FveHDZ21IV1077185.781925.73−0.498Nucleusdispersed
FveHDZ22IV883089.980745.94−0.344Nucleusdispersed
FveHDZ23IV880788.411035.41−0.306Nucleusdispersed
FveHDZ24IV1077384.295015.55−0.36Nucleusproximal
FveHDZ25IV1077785.435785.84−0.299NucleusWGD/segmental
FveHDZ26IV885194.791365.68−0.38Nucleusdispersed
FveHDZ27IV970978.565296.43−0.322Nucleusdispersed
FveHDZ28III1784492.980515.94−0.134Nucleusdispersed
FveHDZ29III1784792.774796.07−0.138Nucleusdispersed
FveHDZ30III1784592.880566.06−0.148Nucleusdispersed
FveHDZ31III1783891.871446.03−0.086Nucleusdispersed
1 amino acid residues; 2 Grand average of hydropathicity.
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Wang, Y.; Fan, J.; Wu, X.; Guan, L.; Li, C.; Gu, T.; Li, Y.; Ding, J. Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression Profiling of HD-Zip Genes in ABA-Mediated Processes in Fragaria vesca. Plants 2022, 11, 3367. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233367

AMA Style

Wang Y, Fan J, Wu X, Guan L, Li C, Gu T, Li Y, Ding J. Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression Profiling of HD-Zip Genes in ABA-Mediated Processes in Fragaria vesca. Plants. 2022; 11(23):3367. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233367

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Yong, Junmiao Fan, Xinjie Wu, Ling Guan, Chun Li, Tingting Gu, Yi Li, and Jing Ding. 2022. "Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression Profiling of HD-Zip Genes in ABA-Mediated Processes in Fragaria vesca" Plants 11, no. 23: 3367. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233367

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