HS-SPME-GC–MS Volatile Profile Characterization of Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) Varieties Grown in the Eastern Balkan Peninsula
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) Profiling of Volatile Compounds of Analyzed Peach Samples
2.2. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) of GC–MS Data
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Fruit Material
3.2. Headspace-Solid Phase Micro Extraction (HS-SPME) and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis (GC–MS)
3.3. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Flavor Contribution ** | RIlit | RIcalc | “Filina” | “Gergana” | “Ufo-4” | “July Lady” | “Laskava” | “Flat Queen” | “Evmolpiya” | “Morsiani 90” |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aldehydes | |||||||||||
Pentanal | FB | 738 | 741 | 0.70* | 1.17 | 0.25 | 1.09 | 1.14 | 1.54 | 0.80 | 0.99 |
Hexanal | FFr | 800 | 798 | 1.95 | 6.55 | 3.20 | 7.13 | 4.40 | 2.68 | 2.24 | 5.57 |
(E)-2-Hexenal | N/A | 849 | 850 | 2.83 | 4.00 | 1.35 | 2.04 | 7.36 | 5.30 | 3.26 | 6.40 |
Heptanal | CF | 907 | 909 | 4.35 | 1.47 | 1.58 | 1.38 | 1.14 | 3.95 | 3.00 | 1.25 |
Benzaldehyde | FSw | 948 | 946 | 0.71 | 0.49 | 0.53 | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.65 | 0.82 | 0.42 |
(E)-2-Heptenal | FW | 960 | 960 | 0.51 | 0.35 | 1.64 | 1.42 | 1.49 | 0.46 | 0.58 | 1.30 |
Octanal | CF | 999 | 1000 | 1.06 | 0.73 | 0.79 | 0.68 | 0.71 | 0.97 | 1.22 | 0.62 |
(E)-2-Octenal | FW | 1051 | 1047 | 1.43 | 0.98 | 0.59 | 3.12 | 3.26 | 1.30 | 1.65 | 2.83 |
2-methyl-Benzaldehyde | FB | 1070 | 1073 | 0.83 | 0.57 | 0.53 | 0.46 | 1.71 | 0.76 | 0.96 | 1.49 |
4-methyl-Benzaldehyde | FB | 1084 | 1085 | 0.24 | 0.16 | 1.44 | 1.25 | 1.31 | 0.21 | 0.27 | 1.14 |
Nonanal | CW | 1102 | 1104 | 3.89 | 2.21 | 2.37 | 2.06 | 1.99 | 3.54 | 1.48 | 1.88 |
(E)-2-Nonenal | CW | 1160 | 1159 | 1.57 | 1.07 | 2.42 | 2.10 | 2.20 | 1.42 | 1.80 | 1.91 |
Decanal | CW | 1204 | 1205 | 0.39 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.35 | 0.44 | 0.23 |
(E)-2-Decenal | FW | 1250 | 1253 | 0.31 | 0.22 | 1.50 | 1.30 | 1.36 | 0.29 | 0.36 | 1.18 |
Total aldehydes | 20.77 | 20.24 | 18.47 | 24.74 | 28.81 | 23.42 | 18.88 | 27.21 | |||
Ketones | |||||||||||
3-Octanone | N/A | 975 | 977 | 0.71 | 0.49 | 0.52 | 0.45 | 0.25 | 0.64 | 0.82 | 0.41 |
2-Octanone | NH | 991 | 992 | 0.56 | 0.38 | 0.41 | 0.36 | 0.14 | 0.51 | 0.64 | 0.32 |
γ-hexalactone | FSw | 1045 | 1045 | 0.29 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.42 | 0.26 | 0.33 | 0.17 |
2-Nonanone | FW | 1090 | 1088 | 0.64 | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.41 | 0.14 | 0.58 | 0.73 | 0.37 |
γ-octalactone | SW | 1250 | 1251 | 1.78 | 1.22 | 0.58 | 2.24 | 2.80 | 1.62 | 1.04 | 2.04 |
γ-decalactone | SP | 1461 | 1464 | 1.11 | 1.52 | 1.63 | 1.42 | 1.48 | 1.01 | 1.28 | 1.29 |
γ-dodecalactone | N/A | 1673 | 1675 | 1.47 | 2.52 | 4.00 | 3.48 | 3.64 | 1.34 | 1.69 | 3.16 |
Total ketones | 6.56 | 6.77 | 7.82 | 8.55 | 8.87 | 5.96 | 6.53 | 7.76 | |||
Alcohols | |||||||||||
Pentanol | SW | 770 | 772 | 1.63 | 1.12 | 1.21 | 1.05 | 1.10 | 1.49 | 1.88 | 0.95 |
Hexanol | FFl | 851 | 848 | 0.49 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.32 | 0.13 | 0.45 | 0.57 | 0.29 |
Heptanol | NH | 920 | 921 | 0.74 | 0.51 | 0.55 | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.67 | 0.85 | 0.43 |
Benzyl Alcohol | FFl | 1035 | 1035 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 1.03 | 0.90 | 0.94 | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.81 |
Nonanol | N/A | 1149 | 1150 | 1.36 | 0.93 | 1.00 | 0.87 | 0.39 | 1.24 | 1.57 | 0.79 |
Total alcohols | 4.48 | 3.08 | 4.15 | 3.61 | 3.06 | 4.08 | 5.17 | 3.27 | |||
Fatty Acids | |||||||||||
Butanoic acid | SW | 759 | 760 | 1.99 | 1.36 | 3.31 | 2.88 | 3.01 | 1.81 | 2.29 | 2.62 |
2-methyl-Pentanoic acid | FSw | 926 | 924 | 1.77 | 2.72 | 2.93 | 2.55 | 2.66 | 1.61 | 2.03 | 2.31 |
Hexanoic acid | SS | 964 | 966 | 2.59 | 4.80 | 6.84 | 5.95 | 1.22 | 2.36 | 2.98 | 5.41 |
Octanoic acid | SW | 1165 | 1166 | 1.74 | 1.19 | 2.55 | 2.21 | 2.31 | 1.58 | 2.00 | 2.01 |
Nonanoic acid | NH | 1270 | 1272 | 2.98 | 2.05 | 2.20 | 1.91 | 1.20 | 2.71 | 3.43 | 1.74 |
n-Decanoic acid | CW | 1367 | 1368 | 2.53 | 1.74 | 1.87 | 1.63 | 1.07 | 2.30 | 2.91 | 1.48 |
Dodecanoic acid | FC | 1558 | 1559 | 3.25 | 2.23 | 2.40 | 2.08 | 1.18 | 2.95 | 3.74 | 1.89 |
n-Hexadecanoic acid | FC | 1960 | 1960 | 1.30 | 0.89 | 0.96 | 0.83 | 0.49 | 1.18 | 1.49 | 0.76 |
Total fatty acids | 18.15 | 16.98 | 23.06 | 20.04 | 13.14 | 16.5 | 20.87 | 18.22 | |||
Esters | |||||||||||
Ethyl acetate | FSw | 607 | 610 | 1.60 | 1.86 | 1.99 | 1.73 | 1.81 | 1.46 | 1.84 | 1.58 |
Ethyl pentanoate | FSw | 903 | 905 | 1.29 | 1.64 | 1.76 | 1.53 | 1.60 | 1.17 | 1.48 | 1.39 |
Ethyl tiglate | FFl | 940 | 938 | 4.76 | 3.27 | 3.51 | 3.06 | 3.19 | 4.33 | 5.48 | 2.78 |
Ethyl hexanoate | FSw | 998 | 886 | 3.99 | 5.76 | 1.59 | 1.38 | 5.63 | 3.63 | 4.59 | 4.90 |
Ethyl Heptanoate | FSw | 1096 | 1097 | 2.08 | 1.43 | 1.54 | 1.34 | 1.40 | 1.89 | 2.40 | 1.21 |
Ethyl Benzoate | BD | 1170 | 1173 | 3.58 | 2.45 | 2.64 | 2.30 | 2.40 | 3.25 | 1.11 | 2.09 |
Ethyl Octanoate | FSw | 1195 | 1198 | 2.04 | 2.09 | 2.24 | 1.95 | 2.04 | 2.76 | 2.35 | 1.77 |
Methyl Nonanoate | FC | 1226 | 1225 | 1.70 | 2.67 | 0.88 | 2.50 | 2.61 | 1.54 | 1.95 | 2.27 |
Ethyl oct-(2E)-enoate | FSk | 1242 | 1240 | 1.55 | 1.07 | 1.15 | 1.00 | 1.04 | 1.41 | 0.79 | 0.91 |
1-Octen-3-yl-butanoate | FB | 1280 | 1280 | 2.19 | 1.50 | 0.61 | 1.40 | 1.47 | 1.99 | 1.52 | 1.28 |
Methyl Decanoate | FFl | 1320 | 1322 | 1.16 | 0.80 | 0.72 | 0.62 | 0.65 | 1.06 | 1.34 | 0.57 |
Benzyl butanoate | SP | 1344 | 1345 | 1.24 | 2.36 | 0.76 | 0.66 | 0.69 | 1.13 | 0.43 | 0.60 |
(2E)-Octenyl butanoate | FB | 1388 | 1385 | 1.63 | 1.12 | 1.20 | 1.05 | 1.09 | 1.48 | 1.87 | 0.95 |
Linalool butanoate | FFl | 1423 | 1425 | 1.19 | 2.19 | 1.35 | 2.04 | 2.14 | 2.90 | 1.36 | 1.86 |
2-Phenyl ethyl butanoate | FFl | 1435 | 1436 | 2.75 | 1.88 | 2.03 | 1.76 | 1.84 | 2.50 | 3.16 | 1.60 |
2-Phenyl propyl butanoate | FS | 1482 | 1480 | 1.86 | 1.28 | 3.37 | 1.19 | 1.25 | 1.69 | 2.14 | 1.08 |
Total esters | 34.61 | 33.37 | 27.34 | 25.51 | 30.85 | 34.19 | 33.81 | 26.84 | |||
Hydrocarbons | |||||||||||
Undecane | N/A | 1098 | 1095 | 1.06 | 0.73 | 0.79 | 0.68 | 0.71 | 0.97 | 0.22 | 0.62 |
Dodecane | N/A | 1200 | 1202 | 1.51 | 1.30 | 1.40 | 1.22 | 1.27 | 1.37 | 0.73 | 1.11 |
Tridecane | N/A | 1302 | 1304 | 0.33 | 1.74 | 1.87 | 1.62 | 0.70 | 0.30 | 0.38 | 1.48 |
Tetradecane | FW | 1400 | 1401 | 2.03 | 2.31 | 2.05 | 2.16 | 1.26 | 1.85 | 1.03 | 1.97 |
Pentadecane | FW | 1497 | 1495 | 0.97 | 0.66 | 0.71 | 0.62 | 0.65 | 0.88 | 0.61 | 0.56 |
Hexadecane | N/A | 1600 | 1601 | 0.52 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0.60 | 0.31 |
Heptadecane | N/A | 1701 | 1700 | 0.85 | 0.58 | 0.63 | 0.54 | 0.26 | 0.77 | 0.97 | 0.49 |
Total hydrocarbons | 7.27 | 7.68 | 7.84 | 7.18 | 5.2 | 6.62 | 4.54 | 6.54 | |||
Terpenes | |||||||||||
β-Myrcene | FW | 980 | 985 | 1.13 | 2.53 | 0.96 | 0.84 | 2.15 | 1.02 | 1.29 | 2.15 |
p-Cymene | CF | 1018 | 1020 | 0.15 | 1.06 | 1.14 | 0.99 | 0.36 | 1.40 | 0.18 | 0.90 |
Limonene | CS | 1024 | 1022 | 0.66 | 1.96 | 3.26 | 2.83 | 1.49 | 0.60 | 0.76 | 1.67 |
(Z)-β-Ocimene | NH | 1035 | 1036 | 0.79 | 0.54 | 0.58 | 0.51 | 0.25 | 0.72 | 0.91 | 0.46 |
(E)-β-Ocimene | NH | 1042 | 1041 | 1.42 | 0.97 | 1.04 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 1.29 | 1.63 | 0.83 |
Linalol | FFl | 1093 | 1094 | 2.22 | 1.86 | 2.00 | 1.74 | 1.48 | 1.10 | 2.75 | 1.58 |
(Z)-β-Farnesene | CS | 1440 | 1443 | 0.26 | 0.87 | 0.93 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 1.15 | 0.30 | 0.74 |
(E)-β-Farnesene | N/A | 1452 | 1455 | 0.60 | 0.41 | 0.24 | 0.39 | 0.84 | 0.55 | 0.69 | 0.35 |
Total terpenes | 7.23 | 10.2 | 10.15 | 9.02 | 8.27 | 7.83 | 8.51 | 8.68 |
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Mihaylova, D.; Popova, A.; Vrancheva, R.; Dincheva, I. HS-SPME-GC–MS Volatile Profile Characterization of Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) Varieties Grown in the Eastern Balkan Peninsula. Plants 2022, 11, 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020166
Mihaylova D, Popova A, Vrancheva R, Dincheva I. HS-SPME-GC–MS Volatile Profile Characterization of Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) Varieties Grown in the Eastern Balkan Peninsula. Plants. 2022; 11(2):166. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020166
Chicago/Turabian StyleMihaylova, Dasha, Aneta Popova, Radka Vrancheva, and Ivayla Dincheva. 2022. "HS-SPME-GC–MS Volatile Profile Characterization of Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) Varieties Grown in the Eastern Balkan Peninsula" Plants 11, no. 2: 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020166