New Weed Hosts for Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus in Wild Mediterranean Vegetation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Incidence of ToBRFV in Weeds
2.2. ToBRFV Transmission from Tomato to Malva parviflora
2.3. Virome Characterization of Symptomatic Solanum nigrum Sampled from a Field
2.4. Seed Transmission of ToBRFV in Solanum nigrum
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials
4.2. Detection of ToBRFV in Weeds by ELISA, RT-PCR, and Bioassay
4.3. Ability of ToBRFV Transmission from Tomato to Malva parviflora
4.4. Virome Characterization of Symptomatic Field Solanum nigrum
4.5. Evaluation of Seed Transmission of ToBRFV in Naturally Infected Solanum nigrum
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Family | Weed Species | Life Cycle | No. of Collected Plants | No. of Plants Positive |
---|---|---|---|---|
Amaranthaceae | Amaranthus retroflexus ** | SA | 32 | 18 |
Amaranthus viridis | P | 8 | 0 | |
Beta vulgaris subsp. Maritima | B; P | 6 | 2 | |
Chenopodium murale | SA | 17 | 11 | |
Apiaceae | Ammi majus | A | 2 | 0 |
Asteraceae | Anthemis sp. | A | 1 | 0 |
Conyza canadensis | WA | 2 | 1 | |
Lactuca serriola | SA; B | 1 | 0 | |
Matricaria aurea | A | 2 | 0 | |
Senecio jacobaea | WA; B | 2 | 0 | |
Senecio vernalis | A | 3 | 0 | |
Sonchus oleraceus | SA/WA | 8 | 0 | |
Taraxacum officinale | P | 4 | 2 | |
Convolvulaceae | Convolvulus arvensis | P | 15 | 0 |
Cucurbitaceae | Bryonia cretica | P | 1 | 0 |
Euphorbiaceae | Mercurialis annua | A | 2 | 0 |
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) | Melilotus italicus | A | 3 | 0 |
Trifolium clusii | A | 2 | 0 | |
Trifolium repens | p | 2 | 0 | |
Malvaceae | Malva parviflora | A; P | 23 | 16 |
Oxalidaceae | Oxalis corniculata | P | 1 | 1 |
Papaveraceae | Fumaria densiflora | A | 2 | 0 |
Portulacaceae | Portulaca oleracea | SA | 9 | 2 |
Primulaceae | Anagallis arvensis | A | 2 | 0 |
Scrophulariaceae | Veronica syriaca | A | 9 | 6 |
Solanaceae | Solanum elaeagnifolium | P | 26 | 7 |
Solanum nigrum | A | 61 | 46 | |
Withania somnifera | P | 2 | 0 | |
Tiliaceae | Corchorus olitorius | A | 8 | 2 |
Urticaceae | Urtica urens | A | 2 | 0 |
Total | 258 | 114 |
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Salem, N.M.; Abumuslem, M.; Turina, M.; Samarah, N.; Sulaiman, A.; Abu-Irmaileh, B.; Ata, Y. New Weed Hosts for Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus in Wild Mediterranean Vegetation. Plants 2022, 11, 2287. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11172287
Salem NM, Abumuslem M, Turina M, Samarah N, Sulaiman A, Abu-Irmaileh B, Ata Y. New Weed Hosts for Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus in Wild Mediterranean Vegetation. Plants. 2022; 11(17):2287. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11172287
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalem, Nida’ M., Motasem Abumuslem, Massimo Turina, Nezar Samarah, Abdullah Sulaiman, Barakat Abu-Irmaileh, and Yousra Ata. 2022. "New Weed Hosts for Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus in Wild Mediterranean Vegetation" Plants 11, no. 17: 2287. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11172287