Phytochemicals Profiling, Antimicrobial Activity and Mechanism of Action of Essential Oil Extracted from Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe cv. Bentong) against Burkholderia glumae Causative Agent of Bacterial Panicle Blight Disease of Rice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Analysis of Chemical Constituents of Ginger Essential Oils by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
2.2. Vibrational Spectroscopy Analyses by Raman and FTIR
2.3. Antibacterial Activity, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of Ginger Essential Oil
2.4. Time Killing Analysis
2.5. Morphological Changes of B. glumae by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
2.6. Morphological Changes of B. glumae by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
2.7. Biofilm Breakdown Observed by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM)
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Ginger Essential Oil Extraction
4.2. Analysis of the Chemical Compound in Ginger Essential Oil
4.3. Antibacterial Activity of Ginger Essential Oil
4.4. Assessment of MIC and MBC
4.5. Time Killing Analysis
4.6. Morphological Changes Observed by Scanning Electron Microscope
4.7. Morphological Damage Observed by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
4.8. Biofilm Breakdown Observations under Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Compound | Rt (min) | RI (This Work) | RI [15] | RI [22] | Area (%) | Molecular Formula | MS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Heptan-2-ol | 8.074 | 900 | - | - | 1.23 | C7H16O | 331 |
2 | α-Pinene | 9.386 | 933 | 937 | 922–955 | 2.76 | C10H16 | 412 |
3 | Camphene | 10.087 | 951 | 943 | 933–962 | 7.53 | C10H16 | 451 |
4 | β-Pinene | 11.173 | 978 | - | 959–986 | 0.52 | C10H16 | 349 |
5 | 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one | 11.344 | 983 | - | - | 0.95 | C8 H14 O | 347 |
6 | Myrcene | 11.588 | 989 | 975 | 973–993 | 2.31 | C10H16 | 359 |
7 | Sulcatol | 11.706 | 992 | - | - | 0.25 | C8H16O | 332 |
8 | α- Phellandrene | 12.370 | 1007 | 987 | 989–1013 | 0.30 | C10 H16 | 322 |
9 | 1,8-Cineole | 13.646 | 1034 | - | 1005–1039 | 14.96 | C10H18O | 363 |
10 | Terpinolene | 16.074 | 1086 | - | - | 0.47 | C10H16 | 408 |
11 | Methyl lavender ketone | 16.220 | 1089 | - | - | 0.44 | C10H20O2 | 290 |
12 | β-Linalool | 16.705 | 1100 | - | - | 2.19 | C10H18O | 396 |
13 | Camphor | 19.081 | 1149 | - | 1045 | 0.26 | C10 H16 O | 299 |
14 | Citronellal | 19.224 | 1152 | - | - | 0.95 | C10H18O | 290 |
15 | Isoneral | 19.667 | 1161 | - | - | 0.22 | C10H16O | 407 |
16 | Endo-Borneol | 20.349 | 1175 | - | - | 1.70 | C10H18O | 355 |
17 | Isogeranial | 20.581 | 1179 | - | - | 0.34 | C10H18O | 404 |
18 | 4-Terpineol | 20.719 | 1182 | - | - | 0.39 | C10H18O | 361 |
19 | Cryptone | 21.021 | 1188 | - | - | 0.19 | C9H14O | 361 |
20 | α -Terpineol | 21.442 | 1197 | - | 1159–1193 | 1.77 | C10H18O | 404 |
21 | Citronellol | 23.055 | 1231 | - | 1203–1229 | 3.27 | C10H20O | 358 |
22 | Neral | 23.666 | 1244 | - | - | 13.99 | C10H16O | 364 |
23 | Geraniol | 24.170 | 1254 | - | 1228–1258 | 2.35 | C10H18O | 364 |
24 | Geranial | 25.146 | 1274 | - | 1232–1267 | 17.88 | C10H16O | 342 |
25 | 2-Undecanone | 26.014 | 1293 | - | - | 0.90 | C11H22O | 369 |
26 | Methyl nonyl carbinol | 26.466 | 1302 | - | - | 0.20 | C11H24O | 334 |
27 | Citronellyl acetate | 28.595 | 1348 | - | - | 0.31 | C12H22O2 | 339 |
28 | Geranyl acetate | 29.911 | 1377 | 1383 | 1344–1385 | 0.63 | C12H20O2 | 357 |
29 | β-Elemene | 30.585 | 1392 | - | 1370–1404 | 0.51 | C15H24 | 385 |
30 | Caryophyllene | 32.007 | 1424 | - | - | 0.37 | C15H24 | 353 |
31 | Curcumene | 34.588 | 1483 | - | - | 1.58 | C15H22 | 423 |
32 | Germacrene | 34.698 | 1485 | - | - | 0.67 | C15 H24 | 371 |
33 | α-Zingiberene | 35.247 | 1498 | - | - | 5.19 | C15H24 | 312 |
34 | α-Farnesene | 35.551 | 1505 | 1433 | 1479–1518 | 3.51 | C15H24 | 429 |
35 | β-Bisabolene | 35.766 | 1510 | - | 1485–1513 | 1.16 | C15H24 | 396 |
36 | β-Sesquiphellandrene | 36.460 | 1527 | 1525 | - | 2.40 | C15H24 | 418 |
37 | Muurola-4,10(14)-dien-1.beta.-ol | 37.348 | 1548 | - | - | 0.23 | C15H24O | 386 |
38 | α-Elemol | 37.494 | 1552 | - | - | 0.89 | C15H26O | 401 |
39 | Nerolidiol | 37.882 | 1561 | 1558 | 1535–1565 | 0.65 | C15H26O | 309 |
40 | Sesquisabinene hydrate | 39.174 | 1592 | - | - | 0.34 | C15H26O | 315 |
41 | Zingiberenol | 40.152 | 1617 | 1601 | - | 0.68 | C15H26O | 370 |
42 | trans-Sesquisabinene hydrate | 40.830 | 1634 | - | - | 0.49 | C15H26O | 394 |
43 | Globulol | 40.956 | 1637 | - | - | 0.51 | C15H26O | 402 |
44 | Rosifoliol | 41.911 | 1661 | - | - | 0.89 | C15H26O | 372 |
45 | Shyobunol | 43.007 | 1689 | - | - | 0.66 | C15H26O | 358 |
Peaks Number | Wavelength cm−1 | Chemical Bonds | Functional Compounds |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 3271 | OH stretch;H-bonded | Carboxylic acid |
2 | 2920 | OH stretch;H-bonded | Carboxylic acid |
3 | 2871 | OH stretch;H-bonded | Carboxylic acid |
4 | 1739 | C=O stretch | Esters RCOOR |
5 | 1678 | C=O stretch | Carbonyl Compound |
6 | 1640 | C=O stretch | Carbonyl Compound |
7 | 1590 | C-C stretch | Aromatic stretch ring |
8 | 1260 | C-O-C | (R-O-R) Ether |
9 | 870 | OH bond | Phenol |
GEO Concentration (µL/mL) | DMSO | Antibiotic Streptomycin | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
100 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 500 | |||
Dimeter of zone of inhibition (mm) | 7.1 ± 0.16 f | 8.0 ± 0.28 e | 10.6 ± 0.44 d | 14.3 ± 0.16 c | 15.1 ± 0.16 b | 0.0 ± 0 g | 24.1 ± 0.44 a |
Inhibition (%) | 29.46% | 33.19% | 43.98% | 59.33% | 62.65% | 0.0% | |
Efficacy * | Not sensitive | Moderate sensitive | Moderate sensitive | Moderate Sensitive | Sensitive | Not sensitive | Extremely sensitive |
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Gunasena, M.T.; Rafi, A.; Mohd Zobir, S.A.; Hussein, M.Z.; Ali, A.; Kutawa, A.B.; Abdul Wahab, M.A.; Sulaiman, M.R.; Adzmi, F.; Ahmad, K. Phytochemicals Profiling, Antimicrobial Activity and Mechanism of Action of Essential Oil Extracted from Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe cv. Bentong) against Burkholderia glumae Causative Agent of Bacterial Panicle Blight Disease of Rice. Plants 2022, 11, 1466. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111466
Gunasena MT, Rafi A, Mohd Zobir SA, Hussein MZ, Ali A, Kutawa AB, Abdul Wahab MA, Sulaiman MR, Adzmi F, Ahmad K. Phytochemicals Profiling, Antimicrobial Activity and Mechanism of Action of Essential Oil Extracted from Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe cv. Bentong) against Burkholderia glumae Causative Agent of Bacterial Panicle Blight Disease of Rice. Plants. 2022; 11(11):1466. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111466
Chicago/Turabian StyleGunasena, Mahesh Tiran, Amara Rafi, Syazwan Afif Mohd Zobir, Mohd Zobir Hussein, Asgar Ali, Abdulaziz Bashir Kutawa, Mohd Aswad Abdul Wahab, Mohd Roslan Sulaiman, Fariz Adzmi, and Khairulmazmi Ahmad. 2022. "Phytochemicals Profiling, Antimicrobial Activity and Mechanism of Action of Essential Oil Extracted from Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe cv. Bentong) against Burkholderia glumae Causative Agent of Bacterial Panicle Blight Disease of Rice" Plants 11, no. 11: 1466. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111466