Seed Viability and Potential Germination Rate of Nine Endemic Boswellia Taxa (Burseraceae) from Socotra Island (Yemen)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Inter-Locality Variabilities of Different Boswellia Taxa in 2020 and 2021
2.2. Average Inter-Annual and Inter-Species Variability of Germination Rates
2.3. Peak Value Indices
3. Discussion
3.1. Factors Affecting Germination of Boswellia Seeds
3.2. Phenology of Fruit Ripening
3.3. Natural Regeneration
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Seed Collection and Preparation
4.2. Trials
- fresh—the tissue inside was solid, light or greenish, assuming start of germination in a longer time than the length of the germination trial;
- empty—without any tissue inside or remnants of tissue that filled less than half the internal space of the seed;
- dead—the tissue inside was soft, brownish and filled more than half the internal space of the seed;
- damaged by insects—seeds containing insects at different stages of development or an insect exit hole was visible in the seed coat.
4.3. Data Evaluation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Boswellia Species | Sp. Code | Locality | Germination Rate (%) | Germination Rate of Full Seeds (%) | Germination Energy (%) | Germination Energy of Full Seeds (%) | Fresh (%) | Dead (%) | Empty (%) | Insect (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B. ameero | BADN | Danagahan | 38 ± 7.13 | 85 ± 7.13 | 12 ± 5.34 | 27 ± 11.05 | 0 ± 0 | 1 ± 2.4 | 55 ± 9.42 | 6 ± 2.64 |
B. bullata | BBT | Taida’ah (Ditwah mountain) | 1 ± 2 | 3 ± 5.71 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 28 ± 4 | 71 ± 4.9 | 0 ± 0 |
B. dioscoridis | BDS | Sheebhan | 17 ± 4.12 | 67 ± 8.25 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 8 ± 2.61 | 75 ± 6.97 | 1 ± 1.2 |
B. elongata | BEDB | Diburak | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 1 ± 1.02 | 98 ± 1.47 | 0 ± 0.49 |
B. elongata | BEDS | Dishal | 10 ± 3.03 | 70 ± 8 | 9 ± 3.66 | 63 ± 15.22 | 0 ± 0 | 2 ± 1.17 | 86 ± 2.9 | 2 ± 0.98 |
B. elongata | BEH | Homhil | 26 ± 3.41 | 44 ± 3.44 | 25 ± 2.93 | 43 ± 4.07 | 0 ± 0 | 17 ± 1.74 | 41 ± 8.23 | 16 ± 5.19 |
B. elongata | BEM | Makalihim | 4 ± 1.62 | 25 ± 7.47 | 2 ± 1.02 | 19 ± 9.15 | 0 ± 0 | 9 ± 2.73 | 86 ± 3.9 | 1 ± 1.55 |
B. popoviana | BPK | Klisan | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0.4 | 2 ± 4.44 | 0 ± 0 | 4 ± 2.5 | 93 ± 2.61 | 3 ± 1.85 |
B. popoviana | BPV | Momi Falang | 6 ± 1.02 | 32 ± 4.59 | 1 ± 1.17 | 6 ± 5.57 | 6 ± 1.02 | 6 ± 1.94 | 80 ± 2.15 | 2 ± 0.75 |
B. socotrana subsp. aspleniifolia | BSAS | Shata Qalansiyah | 89 ± 3.85 | 89 ± 4.01 | 81 ± 3.61 | 82 ± 3.87 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 3.6 | 0 ± 0.49 | 0 ± 0.49 |
B. socotrana subsp. socotrana | BSSA | Ayhaft | 90 ± 2.32 | 90 ± 2.17 | 85 ± 3.06 | 85 ± 3.18 | 0 ± 0 | 7 ± 2.73 | 1 ± 0.8 | 2 ± 0.98 |
Boswellia Species | Sp. Code | Locality | Germination Rate (%) | Germination Rate of Full Seeds (%) | Germination Energy (%) | Germination Energy of Full Seeds (%) | Fresh (%) | Dead (%) | Empty (%) | Insect (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B. ameero | BAA | Ayhaft | 3 ± 4 | 3 ± 4.19 | 2 ± 2.45 | 2 ± 2.52 | 0 ± 0 | 88 ± 8.72 | 2 ± 2.45 | 7 ± 5.1 |
B. ameero | BADN | Danagahan | 42 ± 14.35 | 44 ± 15.76 | 18 ± 13.64 | 19 ± 14.61 | 1 ± 2 | 51 ± 15.62 | 5 ± 4.47 | 1 ± 2 |
B. ameero | BADX | Dixam | 14 ± 8.6 | 14 ± 9.15 | 12 ± 6.78 | 12 ± 7.26 | 0 ± 0 | 71 ± 13.19 | 2 ± 2.45 | 13 ± 5.1 |
B. ameero | BAF | Firmihin | 5 ± 4.47 | 5 ± 4.73 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 88 ± 7.48 | 4 ± 4.9 | 3 ± 4 |
B. ameero | BAQ | Qatariyah | 60 ± 7.07 | 65 ± 6 | 7 ± 8.72 | 8 ± 9.54 | 2 ± 2.45 | 28 ± 4 | 8 ± 4 | 2 ± 2.45 |
B. bullata | BBH | Hazahaz | 45 ± 11.4 | 49 ± 11.73 | 24 ± 10.2 | 26 ± 9.31 | 0 ± 0 | 47 ± 9.8 | 8 ± 6.78 | 0 ± 0 |
B. bullata | BBSG | Shoab rock (green flowers) | 50 ± 8.94 | 61 ± 10.47 | 33 ± 6.78 | 40 ± 5.44 | 0 ± 0 | 32 ± 9.27 | 18 ± 6.78 | 0 ± 0 |
B. bullata | BBSR | Shoab (red flower) | 36 ± 4.9 | 37 ± 6.71 | 18 ± 6.78 | 19 ± 7.87 | 0 ± 0 | 61 ± 8.6 | 3 ± 4 | 0 ± 0 |
B. bullata | BBT | Taida’ah (Ditwah mountain) | 51 ± 10.2 | 54 ± 10.58 | 6 ± 5.83 | 6 ± 5.81 | 0 ± 0 | 41 ± 10.68 | 6 ± 5.83 | 2 ± 2.45 |
B. dioscoridis | BDDA | Wadi Diasraha | 50 ± 4.47 | 69 ± 8.17 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 1 ± 2 | 22 ± 8.12 | 27 ± 9.27 | 0 ± 0 |
B. dioscoridis | BDDF | Wadi Difa’araha | 80 ± 9.49 | 90 ± 10 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 3 ± 2.45 | 5 ± 6.32 | 11 ± 8.6 | 1 ± 2 |
B. dioscoridis | BDDG | Wadi Digasfa | 70 ± 7.07 | 76 ± 7.21 | 1 ± 2 | 1 ± 2 | 0 ± 0 | 22 ± 7.48 | 8 ± 6.78 | 0 ± 0 |
B. dioscoridis | BDH | Halah (Hoq cave) | 13 ± 5.1 | 13 ± 4.93 | 3 ± 2.45 | 3 ± 2.55 | 0 ± 0 | 83 ± 2.45 | 4 ± 3.74 | 0 ± 0 |
B. dioscoridis | BDS | Sheebhan | 20 ± 8.94 | 20 ± 8.77 | 6 ± 4.9 | 6 ± 4.89 | 0 ± 0 | 78 ± 6.78 | 2 ± 2.45 | 0 ± 0 |
B. elongata | BEDB | Diburak | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 1 ± 2 | 99 ± 2 | 0 ± 0 |
B. elongata | BEDS | Dishal | 2 ± 4 | 20 ± 40 | 1 ± 2 | 10 ± 20 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 98 ± 4 | 0 ± 0 |
B. elongata | BEH | Homhil | 36 ± 11.14 | 76 ± 17.3 | 36 ± 11.14 | 76 ± 17.3 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 5.48 | 54 ± 6.63 | 0 ± 0 |
B. elongata | BEM | Makalihim | 2 ± 2.45 | 12 ± 14.53 | 2 ± 2.45 | 12 ± 14.53 | 0 ± 0 | 8 ± 2.45 | 87 ± 5.1 | 3 ± 2.45 |
B. elongata | BES | Shabarah | 15 ± 7.07 | 94 ± 11.43 | 11 ± 8 | 55 ± 32.3 | 0 ± 0 | 2 ± 4 | 83 ± 10.3 | 0 ± 0 |
B. nana | BNH | Hamadarah (Homhil) | 47 ± 17.2 | 71 ± 16.19 | 40 ± 11.4 | 61 ± 9.83 | 0 ± 0 | 16 ± 7.35 | 36 ± 9.7 | 1 ± 2 |
B. popoviana | BPB | Bedgofahar | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 |
B. popoviana | BPD | Sheebhan (Didrafarantan) | 55 ± 8.94 | 85 ± 3.23 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 3.16 | 35 ± 11.4 | 0 ± 0 |
B. popoviana | BPF | Firmihin | 29 ± 4.9 | 84 ± 12.19 | 3 ± 2.45 | 9 ± 7.84 | 0 ± 0 | 6 ± 4.9 | 65 ± 6.32 | 0 ± 0 |
B. popoviana | BPK | Klisan | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 |
B. popoviana | BPV | Momi Falang | 1 ± 2 | 20 ± 40 | 1 ± 2 | 20 ± 40 | 0 ± 0 | 5 ± 4.47 | 94 ± 3.74 | 0 ± 0 |
B. scopulorum | BSB | Bedgofahar | 12 ± 6.78 | 80 ± 26.67 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 3 ± 4 | 85 ± 5.48 | 0 ± 0 |
B. socotrana subsp. aspleniifolia | BSAB | Raidah (Taida’ah) | 64 ± 13.56 | 91 ± 8.27 | 59 ± 12.41 | 84 ± 9.39 | 0 ± 0 | 6 ± 5.83 | 30 ± 11.4 | 0 ± 0 |
B. socotrana subsp. aspleniifolia | BSAN | Dinawtat | 72 ± 12.88 | 77 ± 12.6 | 70 ± 12.25 | 75 ± 11.27 | 6 ± 3.74 | 15 ± 8.37 | 7 ± 4 | 0 ± 0 |
B. socotrana subsp. aspleniifolia | BSAS | Shata Qalansiyah | 56 ± 19.85 | 68 ± 19.77 | 53 ± 17.49 | 64 ± 17.17 | 0 ± 0 | 25 ± 13.04 | 19 ± 11.58 | 0 ± 0 |
B. socotrana subsp. aspleniifolia | BSATD | Taida’ah (Ditwah mountain) | 67 ± 9.27 | 86 ± 5.35 | 64 ± 11.58 | 82 ± 9.15 | 2 ± 2.45 | 9 ± 3.74 | 22 ± 6 | 0 ± 0 |
B. socotrana subsp. aspleniifolia | BSATR | Tarabah | 70 ± 15.17 | 78 ± 14.9 | 69 ± 17.15 | 77 ± 17.29 | 1 ± 2 | 18 ± 11.66 | 11 ± 7.35 | 0 ± 0 |
B. socotrana subsp. socotrana | BSSA | Ayhaft | 16 ± 10.2 | 45 ± 24.19 | 16 ± 10.2 | 45 ± 24.19 | 2 ± 2.45 | 10 ± 11.4 | 65 ± 10.49 | 7 ± 6.78 |
B. socotrana subsp. socotrana | BSSH | Hamadarah (Homhil) | 32 ± 10.3 | 54 ± 15.43 | 25 ± 10 | 43 ± 15.47 | 5 ± 6.32 | 8 ± 5.1 | 40 ± 11.83 | 15 ± 7.07 |
B. socotrana subsp. socotrana | BSSZ | Zarkan (Asmin) | 82 ± 5.1 | 83 ± 6.69 | 76 ± 3.74 | 77 ± 4.86 | 0 ± 0 | 15 ± 6.32 | 1 ± 2 | 2 ± 2.45 |
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Species | Locality | Sp. Code | Coordinates | Altitude | Date of Collection |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boswellia ameero (BA) | Ayhaft | BAA | 12.594013 N 53.988233 E | 424 | 18 May 2021 |
Danagahan | BADN | 12.585567 N 54.052267 E | 629 | 2 June 2020, 27 May 2021 | |
Dixam | BADX | 12.517885 N 53.930242 E | 928 | 17 May 2021 | |
Firmihin | BAF | 12.481588 N 54.010128 E | 617 | 17 May 2021 | |
Qatariyah | BAQ | 12.351153 N 53.708817 E | 860 | 1 June 2021 | |
Boswellia bullata (BB) | Hazahaz | BBH | 12.657705 N 53.440213 E | 476 | 24 May 2021 |
Shoab rock (green flowers) | BBSG | 12.62341 N 53.403162 E | 1 | 7 May 2021 | |
Shoab (red flower) | BBSR | 12.61131 N 53.401565 E | 1 | 7 May 2021 | |
Taida’ah (Ditwah mountain) | BBT | 12.697685 N 53.514572 E | 215 | 20 June 2020, 15 May 2021 | |
Boswellia dioscoridis (BD) | Wadi Diasraha | BDDA | 12.419418 N 54.144430 E | 67 | 26 May 2021 |
Wadi Difa’araha | BDDF | 12.423367 N 54.123345 E | 78 | 26 May 2021 | |
Wadi Digasfa | BDDG | 12.455117 N 54.146743 E | 167 | 26 May 2021 | |
Halah (Hoq cave) | BDH | 12.591258 N 54.360668 E | 70 | 27 May 2021 | |
Sheebhan | BDS | 12.473968 N 54.004037 E | 572 | 20 May 2020, 17 May 2021 | |
Boswellia elongata (BE) | Diburak | BEDB | 12.523304 N 54.277032 E | 360 | 7 June 2020, 3 June 2021 |
Dishal | BEDS | 12.527823 N 51.177206 E | 282 | 26 May 2020, 2 June 2021 | |
Homhil | BEH | 12.576047 N 54.286267 E | 335 | 1 June 2020, 10 June 2021 | |
Makalihim | BEM | 12.505041 N 54.168744 E | 169 | 28 May 2020, 2 June 2021 | |
Shabarah | BES | 12.524795 N 53.885643 E | 441 | 4 July 2021 | |
Boswellia nana (BN) | Hamadarah (Homhil) | BNH | 12.593068 N 54.303272 E | 616 | 19 May 2021 |
Boswellia popoviana (BP) | Bedgofahar | BPB | 12.657987 N 54.166502 E | 178 | 30 May 2021 |
Sheebhan (Didrafarantan) | BPD | 12.471406 N 54.004312 E | 570 | 5 June 2021 | |
Firmihin | BPF | 12.482612 N 54.009487 E | 608 | 17 May 2021 | |
Klisan | BPK | 12.473802 N 54.335207 E | 270 | 19 June 2020, 10 June 2021 | |
Momi Falang | BPV | 12.460495 N 54.364178 E | 304 | 19 June 2020, 10 June 2021 | |
Boswellia scopulorum (BS) | Bedgofahar | BSB | 12.656790 N 54.139097 E | 149 | 20 May 2021 |
Boswellia socotrana subsp. aspleniifolia (BSA) | Raidah (Taida’ah) | BSAB | 12.6832650 N 53.5772433 E | 346 | 6 June 2021 |
Dinawtat | BSAN | 12.655353 N 53.683472 E | 34 | 16 May 2021 | |
Shata Qalansiyah | BSAS | 12.629508 N 53.592948 E | 128 | 28 May 2020, 17 May 2021 | |
Taida’ah (Ditwah mountain) | BSATD | 12.699898 N 53.515875 E | 288 | 15 May 2021 | |
Tarabah | BSATR | 12.579373 N 53.924450 E | 128 | 9 June 2021 | |
Boswellia socotrana subsp. socotrana (BSS) | Ayhaft | BSSA | 12.596872 N 53.989797 E | 242 | 20 May 2020, 23 June 2021 |
Hamadarah (Homhil) | BSSH | 12.591187 N 54.301247 E | 466 | 12 June 2021 | |
Zarkan (Asmin) | BSSZ | 12.595920 N 54.151198 E | 408 | 15 June 2021 |
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Hamdiah, S.; Karas, L.; Houšková, K.; Van Damme, K.; Attorre, F.; Vahalík, P.; Habrová, H.; Lvončík, S.; Eler, K.; Maděra, P. Seed Viability and Potential Germination Rate of Nine Endemic Boswellia Taxa (Burseraceae) from Socotra Island (Yemen). Plants 2022, 11, 1418. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111418
Hamdiah S, Karas L, Houšková K, Van Damme K, Attorre F, Vahalík P, Habrová H, Lvončík S, Eler K, Maděra P. Seed Viability and Potential Germination Rate of Nine Endemic Boswellia Taxa (Burseraceae) from Socotra Island (Yemen). Plants. 2022; 11(11):1418. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111418
Chicago/Turabian StyleHamdiah, Salem, Lukáš Karas, Kateřina Houšková, Kay Van Damme, Fabio Attorre, Petr Vahalík, Hana Habrová, Samuel Lvončík, Klemen Eler, and Petr Maděra. 2022. "Seed Viability and Potential Germination Rate of Nine Endemic Boswellia Taxa (Burseraceae) from Socotra Island (Yemen)" Plants 11, no. 11: 1418. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111418