Magnetic Water Treatment: An Eco-Friendly Irrigation Alternative to Alleviate Salt Stress of Brackish Water in Seed Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site and Irrigation Water Quality Description
2.2. Magnetizer and Magnetized Water Device
2.3. Experimental Design
2.3.1. Experiment 1—Soaking Process
2.3.2. Experiment 2—Germination Tests
2.3.3. Experiment 3—Pot Experiments
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Water Absorption Characteristics of Cotton Seed
3.2. Germination Characteristics of Cotton Seed
3.3. Emergence Rate and Seedling Activity of Cotton
3.4. Morphological Development of Cotton Seedling
3.5. Morphological Development of Cotton Seedlings
3.6. Biomass and Its Allocation of Cotton Seedlings
3.7. Correlation Analysis of Physiological Growth Indexes
4. Discussion
4.1. Magnetic Water Treatment Improves Water Absorption, Germination, Emergence, and Seedling Vigor of Cotton Seeds
4.2. Magnetic Water Treatment Promotes Development of Cotton Root System and Morphology, and Changes the Distribution Pattern of Biomass
4.3. Magnetic Water Treatment Improves Utilization Efficiency of Light Energy and Water in Cotton
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Water Quality Type | Salinity (g L−1) | pH | Anions (mmol L−1) | Cations (mmol L−1) | SAR | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CO32− | HCO3− | Cl− | SO42− | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Na+ | K+ | (mmol L−1)0.5 | |||
Fresh water | 0.72 | 7.80 | 0.12 | 4.91 | 2.21 | 1.66 | 1.82 | 1.61 | 2.37 | 0.09 | 1.81 |
Brackish water | 2.75 | 7.84 | 6.18 | 5.87 | 12.58 | 11.94 | 4.68 | 6.58 | 17.73 | 0.57 | 5.29 |
Treatments | GP (%) | GR (%) | GI | VI |
---|---|---|---|---|
NF | 53.3 ± 1.2 b | 71.3 ± 1.2 b | 17.6 ± 0.7 b | 26.4 ± 0.8 b |
MF | 67.3 ± 3.1 a | 87.3 ± 1.2 a | 22.4 ± 0.8 a | 47.0 ± 2.5 a |
NB | 22.0 ± 2.0 d | 34.0 ± 2.0 d | 8.0 ± 0.3 d | 7.0 ± 1.4 d |
MB | 35.3 ± 1.2 c | 50.7 ± 4.2 c | 12.8 ± 0.5 c | 24.2 ± 1.7 c |
Treatments | Hs (cm) | TLs (cm) | FWs (g) | DWs (g) | MCs (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NF | 7.5 ± 0.1 b | 4.6 ± 0.2 b | 5.89 ± 0.11 b | 0.87 ± 0.02 b | 85.17 ± 0.04 b |
MF | 8.1 ± 0.1 a | 5.9 ± 0.2 a | 9.57 ± 0.28 a | 1.07 ± 0.03 a | 88.81 ± 0.06 a |
NB | 4.2 ± 0.1 d | 2.9 ± 0.2 d | 2.64 ± 0.07 c | 0.58 ± 0.02 d | 78.13 ± 0.09 d |
MB | 6.5 ± 0.1 c | 4.5 ± 0.4 c | 4.65 ± 0.42 b | 0.78 ± 0.03 c | 83.03 ± 2.09 c |
Treatments | iWUE (μmol mmol−1) | Ls |
---|---|---|
NF | 3.14 ± 0.89 b | 0.53 ± 0.06 b |
MF | 3.30 ± 0.58 a | 0.28 ± 0.07 c |
NB | 2.68 ± 0.63 c | 0.65 ± 0.03 a |
MB | 3.35 ± 0.46 a | 0.45 ± 0.07 b |
Treatments | DWs (g) | DWl (g) | DWr (g) | DWt (g) | Stem-to-Total Ratio (%) | Leaf-to-Total Ratio (%) | Root-to-Stem Ratio (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NF | 5.76 ± 0.12 b | 11.49 ± 0.2 b | 1.57 ± 0.12 b | 18.82 ± 0.42 b | 30.61 ± 0.21 ab | 61.06 ± 0.33 ab | 9.10 ± 0.57 a |
MF | 6.11 ± 0.12 a | 12.83 ± 0.15 a | 1.93 ± 0.09 a | 20.87 ± 0.18 a | 29.28 ± 0.33 b | 61.47 ± 0.18 ab | 10.2 ± 0.62 a |
NB | 5.01 ± 0.07 c | 9.87 ± 0.19 c | 1.05 ± 0.09 c | 15.94 ± 0.22 c | 31.47 ± 0.85 a | 61.93 ± 0.35 a | 7.07 ± 0.58 b |
MB | 5.93 ± 0.17 ab | 11.62 ± 0.22 b | 1.68 ± 0.13 b | 19.24 ± 0.25 b | 30.84 ± 0.51 ab | 60.41 ± 0.36 ab | 9.60 ± 0.92 a |
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Zhang, J.; Wang, Q.; Wei, K.; Guo, Y.; Mu, W.; Sun, Y. Magnetic Water Treatment: An Eco-Friendly Irrigation Alternative to Alleviate Salt Stress of Brackish Water in Seed Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Plants 2022, 11, 1397. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111397
Zhang J, Wang Q, Wei K, Guo Y, Mu W, Sun Y. Magnetic Water Treatment: An Eco-Friendly Irrigation Alternative to Alleviate Salt Stress of Brackish Water in Seed Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Plants. 2022; 11(11):1397. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111397
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Jihong, Quanjiu Wang, Kai Wei, Yi Guo, Weiyi Mu, and Yan Sun. 2022. "Magnetic Water Treatment: An Eco-Friendly Irrigation Alternative to Alleviate Salt Stress of Brackish Water in Seed Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)" Plants 11, no. 11: 1397. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111397