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Article

How to Protect Natural Habitats of Rare Terrestrial Orchids Effectively: A Comparative Case Study of Cypripedium calceolus in Different Geographical Regions of Europe

by
Anna Jakubska-Busse
1,*,
Spyros Tsiftsis
2,
Michał Śliwiński
3,
Zdenka Křenová
4,5,
Vladan Djordjević
6,
Corina Steiu
7,
Marta Kolanowska
4,8,
Petr Efimov
9,
Sebastian Hennigs
10,
Pavel Lustyk
11 and
Karel (C.A.J.) Kreutz
12
1
Department of Botany, Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wrocław, Kanonia Street 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland
2
Department of Forest and Natural Environment Sciences, International Hellenic University, GR-66132 Drama, Greece
3
Lower Silesian Ecological Club, Piłsudskiego Street 74, PL-50-020 Wrocław, Poland
4
Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change Research Institute AS CR, Bělidla 4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
5
Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-12900 Prague, Czech Republic
6
Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
7
Association P.P.V.N.C. Excelsior, Timisoara branch, 310465 Timisoara, Romania
8
Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
9
Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russia Academy of Sciences, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
10
Berliner Allee 191, D-13088 Berlin, Germany
11
Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic, Kaplanova 1931/1, CZ-14800 Prague, Czech Republic
12
Department of Botany, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
 
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*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2021, 10(2), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020404
Submission received: 24 January 2021 / Revised: 11 February 2021 / Accepted: 12 February 2021 / Published: 20 February 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchid Distribution, Evolutionary Ecology, and Population Dynamics)
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Abstract

In this article we present and discuss the main factors that threaten natural populations of Cypripedium calceolus (lady’s slipper orchid) in Europe, and we propose conservation strategies and directions for protective actions of its population on a regional scale. European C. calceolus populations have decreased significantly in the last two decades, in both number and size. A key result of the present study is an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Natura 2000 network across the European Union (EU) countries. Northern and/or mountainous countries present higher percentages of potentially suitable areas within the Natura 2000 network. Finland and the United Kingdom are the exceptions to this rule. It is predicted that, due to global warming, the coverage of niches suitable for C. calceolus will decrease in countries in which now-healthy colonies exist. However, as plant species can occur in micro-sites with suitable environmental conditions (e.g., microclimate, vegetation, soil factors) which cannot be predicted as suitable at coarser spatial resolutions, conservation efforts should be focused on management of local healthy populations. For the effective protection of C. calceolus in Natura 2000 sites, the participation of experts in botany, including orchid biology, is necessary at several stages.
Keywords: Cypripedium calceolus; orchids; conservation biology; threatening processes; climate changes; appropriate management Cypripedium calceolus; orchids; conservation biology; threatening processes; climate changes; appropriate management

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MDPI and ACS Style

Jakubska-Busse, A.; Tsiftsis, S.; Śliwiński, M.; Křenová, Z.; Djordjević, V.; Steiu, C.; Kolanowska, M.; Efimov, P.; Hennigs, S.; Lustyk, P.; et al. How to Protect Natural Habitats of Rare Terrestrial Orchids Effectively: A Comparative Case Study of Cypripedium calceolus in Different Geographical Regions of Europe. Plants 2021, 10, 404. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020404

AMA Style

Jakubska-Busse A, Tsiftsis S, Śliwiński M, Křenová Z, Djordjević V, Steiu C, Kolanowska M, Efimov P, Hennigs S, Lustyk P, et al. How to Protect Natural Habitats of Rare Terrestrial Orchids Effectively: A Comparative Case Study of Cypripedium calceolus in Different Geographical Regions of Europe. Plants. 2021; 10(2):404. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020404

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jakubska-Busse, Anna, Spyros Tsiftsis, Michał Śliwiński, Zdenka Křenová, Vladan Djordjević, Corina Steiu, Marta Kolanowska, Petr Efimov, Sebastian Hennigs, Pavel Lustyk, and et al. 2021. "How to Protect Natural Habitats of Rare Terrestrial Orchids Effectively: A Comparative Case Study of Cypripedium calceolus in Different Geographical Regions of Europe" Plants 10, no. 2: 404. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020404

APA Style

Jakubska-Busse, A., Tsiftsis, S., Śliwiński, M., Křenová, Z., Djordjević, V., Steiu, C., Kolanowska, M., Efimov, P., Hennigs, S., Lustyk, P., & Kreutz, K. (2021). How to Protect Natural Habitats of Rare Terrestrial Orchids Effectively: A Comparative Case Study of Cypripedium calceolus in Different Geographical Regions of Europe. Plants, 10(2), 404. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020404

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