Environmental and Genetic Factors Affecting Apospory Expressivity in Diploid Paspalum rufum
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Reproductive Characterization of the F1 Population
2.2. Evaluation of the Environmental Influence on Apospory Expressivity
2.3. Apospory Expressivity Variation in F2 Progenies
2.4. F1 Genetic Linkage Map
2.5. Identification of Genomic Regions Associated with Apospory Expressivity
3. Discussion
3.1. Apospory Inheritance
3.2. Apospory Expressivity Variation
3.3. Linkage Map
3.4. Quantitative Approach
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material
4.2. Cytoembriological Analysis
4.3. AFLP Markers
4.4. Genetic Linkage Analysis
4.5. Linear Regression Analysis
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Individual | Ploidy Level | %AES | Nº of Scored Ovules 1 | Origin | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
R6#45 | 2x | 5.77 | 104 | Paso Lucero, Corrientes, Argentina | Sartor et al., (2011), Delgado et al. (2014) |
R5#49 | 2x | 13.3 | 123 | Saladas, Corrientes, Argentina | Sartor et al., (2011), Delgado et al., (2014) |
F1-C#9 | 2x | 1.22 | 82 | R6#45 × R5#49 | Delgado et al. 2016 |
F1-C#12 | 2x | 0.00 | 112 | R6#45 × R5#49 | Delgado et al. 2016 |
F1-C#31 | 2x | 22.22 | 36 | R6#45 × R5#49 | Delgado et al. 2016 |
F1-C#15 | 2x | 32.76 | 58 | R6#45 × R5#49 | Delgado et al. 2016 |
F1-C#39 | 2x | 35.85 | 53 | R6#45 × R5#49 | Delgado et al. 2016 |
LD1 | 4x | 31.94 | 72 | R6#49 2 | Delgado et al. 2016 |
LD3 | 4x | 24.59 | 61 | R6#45 × R2#18 3 | Delgado et al. 2016 |
Q3756 | 4x | 96.1 | 103 | Uruguay: unknown locality | Norrmann et al. 1989 |
Individuals | Ovary Number | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | AbES | SES | AES | SES + AES | NC | %AES 1 | |
F1-Z#67 | 118 | 33 | 84 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.00 |
F1-Z#74 | 132 | 81 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.00 |
F1-Z#89 | 104 | 2 | 102 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 |
F1-Z#91 | 117 | 17 | 97 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0.85 |
F1-Z#93 | 109 | 24 | 84 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.92 |
F1-Z#55 | 105 | 4 | 100 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.95 |
F1-Z#79 | 103 | 3 | 98 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.97 |
F1-Z#83 | 99 | 1 | 97 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1.01 |
F1-Z#71 | 90 | 2 | 87 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1.11 |
F1-Z#45 | 73 | 13 | 57 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1.37 |
F1-Z#52 | 142 | 76 | 59 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 1.41 |
F1-Z#73 | 115 | 6 | 107 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1.74 |
F1-Z#69 | 105 | 53 | 50 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1.90 |
F1-Z#63 | 97 | 2 | 92 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2.06 |
F1-Z#66 | 92 | 30 | 49 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 2.17 |
F1-Z#47 | 106 | 30 | 71 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2.83 |
F1-Z#90 | 103 | 6 | 64 | 0 | 3 | 30 | 2.91 |
F1-Z#87 | 100 | 4 | 91 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3.00 |
F1-Z#53 | 99 | 5 | 91 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3.03 |
F1-Z#68 | 98 | 5 | 89 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 3.06 |
F1-Z#85 | 98 | 2 | 93 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3.06 |
F1-Z#81 | 130 | 21 | 102 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 3.08 |
F1-Z#61 | 96 | 2 | 90 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 3.13 |
F1-Z#58 | 94 | 6 | 83 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3.19 |
F1-Z#48 | 92 | 6 | 83 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3.26 |
F1-Z#84 | 89 | 3 | 83 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3.37 |
F1-Z#57 | 100 | 5 | 78 | 0 | 4 | 13 | 4.00 |
F1-Z#44 | 98 | 52 | 35 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 4.08 |
F1-Z#59 | 95 | 1 | 55 | 0 | 4 | 35 | 4.21 |
F1-Z#77 | 117 | 44 | 68 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 4.27 |
F1-Z#62 | 100 | 8 | 83 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 5.00 |
F1-Z#49 | 76 | 4 | 67 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 5.26 |
F1-Z#50 | 112 | 3 | 103 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 5.36 |
F1-Z#70 | 110 | 16 | 88 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 5.45 |
F1-Z#51 | 72 | 3 | 65 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 5.56 |
F1-Z#56 | 114 | 4 | 103 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 6.14 |
F1-Z#75 | 108 | 6 | 93 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 6.48 |
F1-Z#82 | 108 | 10 | 90 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 6.48 |
F1-Z#76 | 86 | 28 | 52 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 6.98 |
F1-Z#78 | 78 | 0 | 72 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 7.69 |
F1-Z#64 | 103 | 6 | 88 | 0 | 8 | 1 | 7.77 |
F1-Z#92 | 112 | 1 | 101 | 0 | 9 | 1 | 8.04 |
F1-Z#88 | 94 | 0 | 86 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 8.51 |
F1-Z#65 | 105 | 3 | 93 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 8.57 |
F1-Z#54 | 109 | 4 | 95 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 9.17 |
F1-Z#60 | 82 | 9 | 64 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 10.98 |
F1-Z#46 | 47 | 3 | 37 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 12.77 |
F1-Z#72 | 79 | 1 | 67 | 1 | 10 | 0 | 13.92 |
F1-Z#86 | 95 | 0 | 78 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 17.89 |
R6#45 2 | 222 | 3 | 211 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 3.60 |
R5#49 2 | 265 | 67 | 172 | 3 | 14 | 9 | 6.42 |
F1-Z Mean (S.D.) | 4.56 (3.82) * | ||||||
F1-C Mean (S.D.) | 9.31 (8.03) 3 |
Individual | % AES (n) | % AES (n) | Mean (S.D) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parental genotypes | F1-C#15 | 2017 | 6.97 (215) | 2018 | 9.90 (101) | 8.79 (1.81) 1 |
F1-C#39 | 9.20 (239) | 9.33 (75) | ||||
F2L #35 × #39 | F2H#7 | 2016 | 2.7(73) | 2017 | 0.9 (111) ns | 1.82 (0.01) |
F2H#5 | 6.3 (112) | 7.7 (78) ns | 6.97 (0.01) | |||
F2H#6 | 6.8 (88) | 5.0 (100) ns | 5.91 (0.01) | |||
F2H#4 | 7.6 (118) | 6.5 (107) ns | 7.08 (0.01) | |||
F2H#3 | 10.8 (102) | 9.4 (96) ns | 10.08 (0.01) | |||
F2H#1 | 12.4 (105) | 9.9 (81) ns | 11.13 (0.02) | |||
F2H#9 | 13.5 (74) | 6.0 (100) ns | 9.76 (0.05) | |||
F2H#8 | 13.6 (103) | 4.8 (124) * | 7.27 (0.03) | |||
F2H#2 | 16.7 (96) | 14.5 (55) ns | 15.61 (0.01) | |||
F2L Mean (S.D.) | 10.05 (4.47) | 7.19 (3.83) | 8.62 (4.29) |
Individual | % AES (n) | % AES (n) | Mean (S.D) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parental genotypes | F1-C#12 | 2017 | 0.00 (168) | 2018 | 0.00 (128) | 1.40 (1.98) 1 |
F1-C#9 | N.D. | 2.76 (145) | ||||
F2L #9 × #12 | F2L#1 | 2016 | 0 (95) | 2017 | 0 (111) ns | 0 (0) |
F2L#6 | 1.1 (94) | 0 (81) ns | 0.53 (0.75) | |||
F2L#9 | 2.2 (90) | 2.1 (94) ns | 2.17 (0.07) | |||
F2L#2 | 0.9 (110) | 1.1 (92) ns | 1 (0.13) | |||
F2L#8 | 1 (101) | 1.1 (92) ns | 1.04 (0.07) | |||
F2L#5 | 0.9 (109) | 2.5 (79) ns | 1.72 (1.14) | |||
F2L#7 | 0 (60) | 2.9 (102) ns | 1.47 (2.08) | |||
F2L#3 | 7 (71) | 5.4 (111) ns | 6.22 (1.16) | |||
F2L#10 | 16.9 (83) | 9.7 (113) ns | 13.3 (5.04) | |||
F2L Mean (S.D.) | 3.33 (5.51) | 2.75 (3.09) | 3.05 (4.34) |
Parental | Number of Primer Combination | Number of Markers | Marker Segregation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SDAF (1:1) | BSDF (3:1) | Distorted 1 | |||
R6#45 | 33 | 278 | 266 | - | 12 |
R5#49 | 33 | 239 | 221 | - | 18 |
R6#45-R6#49 | 33 | 110 | - | 94 | 16 |
Marker | Type of Marker | LG (M/P) | Position (cM) (M/P) | b Parameter 1 | R2 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C25_263.9 | Maternal | 2-M | 14.5 | 0.29 | 0.21 | 0.004 |
B4_490.5 | Paternal | 3-P | 104.7 | 0.24 | 0.13 | 0.027 |
C5_411.5 | Maternal | 3-M | 16.5 | −0.22 | 0.12 | 0.032 |
C35_334 | Maternal | 3-M | 48.9 | −0.23 | 0.13 | 0.025 |
B5_360.1 | Maternal | 3-M | 52.2 | −0.25 | 0.15 | 0.018 |
C4_227.4 | Maternal | 3-M | 54.4 | −0.22 | 0.11 | 0.043 |
C32_150.4 | Maternal | 3-M | 56.7 | −0.23 | 0.13 | 0.025 |
C33_187.4 | Maternal | 3-M | 61.4 | −0.23 | 0.13 | 0.026 |
XC31_2201 | Biparental | 4-M/4-P | 0.0/36.67 | 0.42 | 0.20 | 0.005 |
XB4_324.5 | Biparental | 4-M/4-P | 18.8/56.65 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.036 |
C23_279.7 | Paternal | 4-P | 75.2 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.049 |
B1_236.6 | Maternal | 4-M | 21.6 | −0.22 | 0.34 | 0.042 |
C32_244.8 | Maternal | 4-M | 37.7 | 0.29 | 0.19 | 0.006 |
C25_292.5 | Maternal | 4-M | 44.4 | −0.21 | 0.10 | 0.047 |
C33_384.1 (B16_164.6) 2 | Maternal | 4-M | 48.1 | −0.22 | 0.12 | 0.036 |
C17_402.3 | Maternal | 4-M | 66.6 | 0.24 | 0.13 | 0.025 |
B1_72.8 | Maternal | 5-M | 47.2 | −0.23 | 0.13 | 0.030 |
C5_221.1 | Paternal | 10-P | 0.0 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.035 |
B3_217.8 | Paternal | 10-P | 4.6 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.035 |
C29_141.3 | Paternal | 10-P | 10.8 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.038 |
C43_342.72 (C29_332.2) 2 | Maternal | 4-M | 38.3 | −0.29 | 0.19 | 0.006 |
C8_142.52 (C32_244.8) 2 | Maternal | 4-M | 37.7 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.016 |
C29_151.42 | Paternal | 10-P | 10.8 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.038 |
B48_256.83 | Paternal | Unmapped | - | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.032 |
C5_194.8 | Paternal | Unmapped | - | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.035 |
XC5_1093 | Biparental | Unmapped | - | 0.25 | 0.11 | 0.039 |
Marker | Type of Marker | LG (M/P) | Position (cM) (M/P) | b Parameter 1 | R2 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
XC4_1399 | Biparental | 1-P | 52.1 | 0.24 | 0.12 | 0.02 |
C4_173.5 | Maternal | 3-M | 25.9 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.02 |
C17_260.6 | Paternal | 3-P | 30.7 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.02 |
C17_261.7 | Paternal | 3-P | 27.0 | 0.21 | 0.11 | 0.02 |
B5_193.1 | Maternal | 3-M | 101.2 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.01 |
XC4_2241 | Biparental | 3-M/3-P | 111.89/37.5 | 0.27 | 0.16 | 0.00 |
XC25_3915 | Biparental | 6-P | 2.9 | −0.27 | 0.11 | 0.02 |
B54_74.7 | Paternal | 6-P | 66.0 | −0.19 | 0.10 | 0.03 |
C4_120.6 | Maternal | 7-M | 55.6 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.02 |
B54_309.9 | Maternal | 7-M | 71.3 | −0.26 | 0.17 | 0.00 |
C23_372.6 | Maternal | 8-M | 71.8 | −0.21 | 0.11 | 0.02 |
C31_336.52 (C12_83) 2 | Maternal | 10-M | 28.7 | 0.25 | 0.14 | 0.01 |
C12_214.8 | Maternal | Unmapped | - | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.01 |
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Soliman, M.; Bocchini, M.; Stein, J.; Ortiz, J.P.A.; Albertini, E.; Delgado, L. Environmental and Genetic Factors Affecting Apospory Expressivity in Diploid Paspalum rufum. Plants 2021, 10, 2100. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102100
Soliman M, Bocchini M, Stein J, Ortiz JPA, Albertini E, Delgado L. Environmental and Genetic Factors Affecting Apospory Expressivity in Diploid Paspalum rufum. Plants. 2021; 10(10):2100. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102100
Chicago/Turabian StyleSoliman, Mariano, Marika Bocchini, Juliana Stein, Juan Pablo A. Ortiz, Emidio Albertini, and Luciana Delgado. 2021. "Environmental and Genetic Factors Affecting Apospory Expressivity in Diploid Paspalum rufum" Plants 10, no. 10: 2100. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102100