Metabolomic Analysis on the Petal of ‘Chen Xi’ Rose with Light-Induced Color Changes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Light-Induced Color Changes of Rose Petals
2.2. Metabolic Profiling of Rose Petals at Different Development Stages
2.3. Differential Metabolite Screening, Functional Annotation, and Enrichment Analysis
2.4. The Differential Metabolites in Developing Flowers Enriched in Flavonoid Pathway
3. Discussion
3.1. Abundant Flavonoid Metabolites Accumulated in Rose Flower Petals
3.2. Light Affects Certain Flavonoid, Especially Anthocyanin, Biosynthesis of Rose Flowers
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials and Sample Collection
4.2. Sample Preparation and Extraction
4.3. HPLC Conditions
4.4. ESI-Q TRAP-MS/MS
4.5. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Metabolites from Rose Flowers
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Index | MW (Da) | Ionization Model | Compounds | Class | S2/S1 | S3/S2 | S4/S3 | S2D/S1 | S2D/S2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pme2960 | 272.07 | [M+H]+ | Naringenin chalcone * | Chalcones | 0.72 / | 0.29 | 0.70 / | 0.38 | 0.52 / |
pme1201 | 274.08 | [M−H]− | Phloretin | Chalcones | 3.29 | 0.31 | 1.44 / | 0.93 / | 0.28 |
pme0376 | 272.07 | [M−H]− | Naringenin | Dihydroflavone | 0.69 / | 0.29 | 0.78 / | 0.36 | 0.52 / |
Hmqp004476 | 272.07 | [M+H]+ | 5,7,4′-Trihydroxydihydroflavone * | Dihydroflavone | 1.15 / | 0.32 | 1.06 / | 0.66 / | 0.57 / |
mws0064 | 288.06 | [M−H]− | Eriodictyol | Dihydroflavone | 19.10 | 0.05 | 1.75 / | 1.29 / | 0.07 |
mws1094 | 288.06 | [M−H − | Dihydrokaempferol | Dihydroflavonol | 0.50 | 0.09 | 0.42 | 0.46 | 0.92 / |
mws0044 | 304.06 | [M−H]− | Dihydroquercetin (Taxifolin) | Dihydroflavonol | 1.31 / | 0.60 / | 0.63 / | 0.61 / | 0.47 |
mws1174 | 314.08 | [M−H]− | 3-O-Acetylpinobanksin | Dihydroflavonol | 7.90 | 1.06 / | 3.98 | 2.84 | 0.36 |
mws0040 | 254.06 | [M+H]+ | Chrysin | Flavones | 6.42 | 1.35 / | 3.33 | 2.11 | 0.33 |
mws0051 | 284.07 | [M+H]+ | Acacetin | Flavones | 2.57 | 1.49 / | 0.55 / | 2.15 | 0.84 / |
mws0058 | 300.06 | [M−H]− | Diosmetin | Flavones | 3.16 | 0.83 / | 0.51 / | 2.82 | 0.89 / |
Zmhp004065 | 344.09 | [M+H]+ | 7,8-Dihydroxy-5,6,4′-trimethoxyflavone * | Flavones | 6.58 | 0.99 / | 1.79 / | 0.87 / | 0.13 |
mws1474 | 344.09 | [M+H]+ | 5,7-Dihydroxy-3′,4′,5′-trimethoxyflavone | Flavones | 5.22 | 0.93 / | 0.56 / | 5.11 | 0.98 / |
pmp001076 | 372.12 | [M+H]+ | Isosinensetin * | Flavones | 0.88 / | 1.99 / | 0.22 | 0.62 / | 0.70 / |
mws0043 | 402.13 | [M+H]+ | Nobiletin | Flavones | 0.83 / | 6.91 | 0.11 | 0.77 / | 0.93 / |
pmn001668 | 416.15 | [M−H]− | Apigenin-3-O-rhamnoside | Flavones | 1.56 / | 2.28 | 1.74 / | 1.40 / | 0.90 / |
Lmlp005572 | 432.11 | [M+H]+ | Galangin-7-O-glucoside * | Flavones | 2.72 | 1.64 / | 1.45 / | 0.61 / | 0.22 |
HJN076 | 564.18 | [M−H]− | (2R)-Pinocembrin-7-O-neohesperidoside | Flavones | 5.08 | 2.97 | 1.76 / | 4.32 | 0.85 / |
Lmnp002448 | 640.16 | [M+H]+ | 5,7,3′,4′-Tetrahydroxy-6-methoxyflavone-8-C-[glucosyl-(1-2)]-glucoside | Flavones | 1.05 / | 0.35 | 0.77 / | 0.42 | 0.40 |
Lmgn002843 | 286.05 | [M−H]− | 2′-Hydroxyisoflavone | Isoflavones | 1.97 / | 0.73 / | 1.63 / | 0.80 / | 0.41 |
mws1068 | 286.05 | [M−H]− | Kaempferol * | Flavonols | 2.03 | 0.43 | 1.55 / | 0.94 / | 0.46 |
pme3514 | 302.04 | [M−H]− | Morin * | Flavonols | 3.40 | 0.50 / | 1.39 / | 1.45 / | 0.43 |
pme2954 | 302.04 | [M+H]+ | Quercetin | Flavonols | 3.18 | 0.52 / | 1.20 / | 1.45 / | 0.46 |
mws0038 | 314.08 | [M−H]− | Kumatakenin | Flavonols | 2.57 | 1.58 / | 0.42 / | 2.69 | 1.05 / |
mws0917 | 330.07 | [M−H]− | 3,7-Di-O-methylquercetin | Flavonols | 5.31 | 0.46 | 2.02 | 1.40 / | 0.26 |
pmp000365 | 370.11 | [M+H]+ | Uralenol | Flavonols | 0.48 | 0.91 / | 1.19 / | 0.63 / | 1.32 / |
mws0055 | 372.12 | [M+H]+ | Tangeretin | Flavonols | 1.15 / | 8.18 | 0.07 | 0.83 / | 0.72 / |
Lmmn003398 | 490.11 | [M−H]− | Kaempferol-3-O-(6″-acetyl)glucoside | Flavonols | 2.03 | 1.35 / | 1.21 / | 1.56 / | 0.77 / |
Lmln001951 | 596.14 | [M−H]− | Quercetin-3-arabinosylglucoside * | Flavonols | 1.61 / | 0.84 / | 1.10 / | 0.70 / | 0.44 |
pme1540 | 624.17 | [M+H]+ | Isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidoside | Flavonols | 1.08 / | 0.55 / | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.40 |
Hmcp001578 | 640.16 | [M+H]+ | Isorhamnetin-3,7-O-diglucoside * | Flavonols | 0.78 / | 0.99 / | 0.59 / | 0.50 | 0.64 / |
Hmln001682 | 668.16 | [M−H]− | Quercetin-3-O-(2″-acetyl)-glucosylgalactoside | Flavonols | 18.83 | 0.73 / | 1.04 / | 6.54 | 0.35 |
Hmcp001629 | 696.15 | [M+H]+ | Kaempferol-3-O-(6″-Malonylglucoside)-7-O-Glucoside | Flavonols | 7.97 | 2.67 | 1.12 / | 1.93 / | 0.24 |
pmb0709 | 712.15 | [M+H]+ | Quercetin-7-O-malonylglucosyl-glucoside * | Flavonols | 4.98 | 1.39 / | 1.56 / | 2.92 | 0.59 / |
pmb0706 | 712.15 | [M+H]+ | Quercetin-5-O-malonylglucosyl-glucoside | Flavonols | 9.37 | 1.05 / | 0.83 / | 3.50 | 0.37 |
Hmcp001757 | 756.21 | [M+H]+ | Quercetin-O-rhamnoside-O-glucoside-O-rhamnoside | Flavonols | 3.26 | 0.89 / | 0.61 / | 1.19 / | 0.36 |
mws1422 | 274.08 | [M+H]+ | Epiafzelechin * | Flavanols | 4.22 | 0.89 / | 0.74 / | 0.81 / | 0.19 |
pmn001415 | 452.11 | [M−H]− | Catechin-(7,8-bc)-4β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-dihydro-2-(3H)-ne * | Flavanols | 0.94 / | 2.01 | 3.10 | 1.44 / | 1.53 / |
pmn001416 | 452.11 | [M−H]− | Catechin-(7,8-bc)-4α-(3,4-dihydroxyphe-nyl)-dihydro-2-(3H)-ne | Flavanols | 1.09 / | 1.70 / | 3.02 | 1.47 / | 1.35 / |
HJN041 | 452.13 | [M−H]− | Epicatechin glucoside | Flavanols | 1.12 / | 0.81 / | 0.94 / | 0.46 | 0.41 |
Smlp002532 | 419.10 | [M]+ | Cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside | Anthocyanins | 4.44 | 1.33 / | 1.52 / | 0.97 / | 0.22 |
pmb0550 | 449.11 | [M]+ | Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Kuromanin) | Anthocyanins | 17.48 | 2.07 | 1.39 / | 1.36 / | 0.08 |
pmb0542 | 535.11 | [M]+ | Cyanidin-3-O-(6″-Malonylglucoside) | Anthocyanins | 16.81 | 6.33 | 1.78 / | 1.91 / | 0.11 |
pme1793 | 595.17 | [M]+ | Pelargonidin-3,5-diglucoside | Anthocyanins | 1.76 / | 0.46 | 2.08 | 0.51 / | 0.29 |
Lmpp003815 | 625.16 | [M]+ | Petunidin-3-(6″-p-Coumaroylglucoside) | Anthocyanins | 0.98 / | 0.58 / | 0.40 | 0.48 | 0.49 |
Lmjp001323 | 743.20 | [M]+ | Cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside-5-O-glucoside | Anthocyanins | 1.19 / | 0.83 / | 1.19 / | 0.49 | 0.41 |
mws0024 | 170.02 | [M−H]− | Gallic acid | Proanthocyanidins | 2.66 | 0.51 / | 1.17 / | 1.40 / | 0.53 / |
pmn001519 | 336.05 | [M−H]− | Galloyl Methyl gallate | Proanthocyanidins | 0.78 / | 0.75 / | 1.01 / | 0.50 | 0.64 / |
Cmsn000894 | 362.08 | [M−H]− | 7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose | Proanthocyanidins | 1.52 / | 1.38 / | 1.41 / | 2.01 | 1.32 / |
Wmhn001495 | 484.08 | [M−H] − | 1,4-Di-O-galloyl-glcose | Proanthocyanidins | 1.34 / | 0.97 / | 0.82 / | 0.64 / | 0.47 |
Lmfn001209 | 636.10 | [M−H]− | 1,3,6-Tri-O-galloyl-D-glucose * | Proanthocyanidins | 1.82 / | 1.30 / | 0.76 / | 0.47 | 0.26 |
Cmhn000855 | 650.08 | [M−H]− | Valoneoyl-glucose | Proanthocyanidins | 1.39 / | 1.63 / | 1.39 / | 3.36 | 2.42 |
pme0432 | 576.13 | [M−H]− | Procyanidin A2 * | Proanthocyanidins | 2.07 | 0.70 / | 1.02 / | 0.73 / | 0.35 |
pme0430 | 576.13 | [M−H]− | Procyanidin A1 | Proanthocyanidins | 2.06 | 1.13 / | 1.56 / | 1.21 / | 0.59 / |
pmn001667 | 578.14 | [M−H]− | Procyanidin B4 * | Proanthocyanidins | 1.03 / | 1.07 / | 2.11 | 0.60 / | 0.58 / |
HJN074 | 592.16 | [M−H]− | Procyanidin A6 | Proanthocyanidins | 0.66 / | 1.50 / | 0.86 / | 1.37 | 2.08 |
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Su, M.; Damaris, R.N.; Hu, Z.; Yang, P.; Deng, J. Metabolomic Analysis on the Petal of ‘Chen Xi’ Rose with Light-Induced Color Changes. Plants 2021, 10, 2065. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102065
Su M, Damaris RN, Hu Z, Yang P, Deng J. Metabolomic Analysis on the Petal of ‘Chen Xi’ Rose with Light-Induced Color Changes. Plants. 2021; 10(10):2065. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102065
Chicago/Turabian StyleSu, Mengyue, Rebecca Njeri Damaris, Zhengrong Hu, Pingfang Yang, and Jiao Deng. 2021. "Metabolomic Analysis on the Petal of ‘Chen Xi’ Rose with Light-Induced Color Changes" Plants 10, no. 10: 2065. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102065