Ethephon-Induced Ethylene Enhances Protein Degradation in Source Leaves, but Its High Endogenous Level Inhibits the Development of Regenerative Organs in Brassica napus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Short-Term Effects of Ethephon Treatment with Different Concentrations
2.1.1. Plant Morphology, CAB, and SAG12 Gene Expression
2.1.2. Protein Profiles, Protease Activity, and Active Staining
2.1.3. Amino Acid Content and Amino Acid Transport
2.2. Long-Term Effects of Ethephon Treatment
2.2.1. Plant Morphology and Biomass
2.2.2. Ethylene, Total Chlorophyll, and Carotenoid Content
2.2.3. Soluble Protein and Amino Acids Content
2.2.4. SDS-PAGE Protein Profile, Protease Activity, and Amino Acid Transporters
2.2.5. Heatmap Responses of Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient (r) among the Metabolites or Gene Expression
3. Discussion
3.1. Ethephon-Induced Ethylene Effects on Morphological Change
3.2. Ethephon-Induced Ethylene-Mediated Leaf Senescence
3.3. Ethephon-Induced Ethylene Effects on Protein Degradation and Amino Acid Transport
3.4. High Level of Ethylene Supressed Regenerative Organ Development and Unintended Source-Sink Relationship
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Culture and Experimental Designs
4.2. Determination of Ethylene
4.3. Determination of Photosynthetic Pigments
4.4. Collection of Phloem Exudates and Determination of Amino Acids and Protein
4.5. Protein Profiles by SDS-PAGE
4.6. Total Protease Activity and In-Gel Staining of Protease
4.7. RNA Extraction and Quantitative PCR
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Days after Treatment | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 0 | Day 10 | Day 30 | |||
Control | Control | Ethephon-Treated | Control | Ethephon-Treated | |
Plant height (cm) | 25.0 ± 2.9 | 133.7 ± 2.4 | 72.0 ± 7.0 ** | 171.3 ± 4.4 | 94.5 ± 2.4 *** |
Stem diameter (cm) | 1.13 ± 0.03 | 1.50 ± 0.06 | 1.83 ± 0.15 * | 1.80 ± 0.06 | 1.70 ± 0.10 |
Biomass (g plant−1) | |||||
Fallen leaves | 0.31 ± 0.10 | 0.34 ± 0.10 | 1.10 ± 0.17 * | 2.62 ± 0.10 | 3.82 ± 0.29 * |
Mature leaves | 6.58 ± 0.62 | 7.71 ± 0.63 | 5.94 ± 1.07 | 4.71 ± 0.09 | 2.63 ± 0.10 *** |
Newly formed leaves | 1.82 ± 0.11 | 3.14 ± 0.10 | 3.14 ± 0.57 | 3.69 ± 0.09 | 6.51 ± 0.13 *** |
Flowers or floral buds | – | 0.50 ± 0.04 | 0.11 ± 0.01 *** | – | – |
Pods | – | – | – | 8.30 ± 0.52 | – |
Roots | 2.45 ± 0.53 | 5.44 ± 0.39 | 3.40 ± 0.22 * | 12.23 ± 0.47 | 6.69 ± 0.49 *** |
Days after Treatment | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 0 | Day 10 | Day 30 | |||
Control | Control | Ethephon-Treated | Control | Ethephon-Treated | |
Soluble protein | |||||
Mature leaves (mg g−1 FW) | 12.47 ± 0.51 | 9.50 ± 0.85 | 5.04 ± 0.57 * | 7.14 ± 0.71 | 3.96 ± 0.09 ** |
Newly formed leaves (mg g−1 FW) | 10.75 ± 0.69 | 8.80 ± 0.07 | 10.42 ± 0.51 * | 4.72 ± 0.36 | 7.93 ± 0.19 *** |
Pods (mg g−1 FW) | – | – | – | 5.58 ± 0.17 | – |
Amino acids | |||||
Mature leaves (mg g−1 FW) | 1.26 ± 0.01 | 1.14 ± 0.01 | 0.89 ± 0.04 ** | 1.03 ± 0.03 | 0.88 ± 0.01 *** |
Newly formed leaves (mg g−1 FW) | 2.48 ± 0.12 | 2.23 ± 0.01 | 2.74± 0.02 *** | 1.77 ± 0.02 | 2.28 ± 0.11 * |
Pods (mg g−1 FW) | – | – | – | 2.67 ± 0.10 | – |
Phloem exudates (µg mL−1 h−1) | 45.07 ± 0.85 | 31.49 ± 1.52 | 49.06 ± 2.08 * | 26.90 ± 0.39 | 44.52 ± 0.57 *** |
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Lee, B.-R.; Zaman, R.; La, V.H.; Park, S.-H.; Kim, T.-H. Ethephon-Induced Ethylene Enhances Protein Degradation in Source Leaves, but Its High Endogenous Level Inhibits the Development of Regenerative Organs in Brassica napus. Plants 2021, 10, 1993. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10101993
Lee B-R, Zaman R, La VH, Park S-H, Kim T-H. Ethephon-Induced Ethylene Enhances Protein Degradation in Source Leaves, but Its High Endogenous Level Inhibits the Development of Regenerative Organs in Brassica napus. Plants. 2021; 10(10):1993. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10101993
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Bok-Rye, Rashed Zaman, Van Hien La, Sang-Hyun Park, and Tae-Hwan Kim. 2021. "Ethephon-Induced Ethylene Enhances Protein Degradation in Source Leaves, but Its High Endogenous Level Inhibits the Development of Regenerative Organs in Brassica napus" Plants 10, no. 10: 1993. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10101993