Overexposure to Bisphenol A and Its Chlorinated Derivatives of Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease during Online Hemodiafiltration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Water Purification Process
2.2. Production of Ultrapure Dialysate
2.2.1. Dialysis Concentrates
2.2.2. Ultrafilters
2.2.3. Dialysis Water and Ultrapure Dialysate
2.3. Replacement Fluid
2.4. Tubing
2.5. Dialyzers
2.6. Sample Analysis
2.6.1. Sample Preparation
2.6.2. Online SPE-UPLC-MS/MS
2.6.3. Method Validation
2.6.4. Assigning Values to Non-Detected/No-Quantified Data
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. BPA Leaching from Tubing and HDF Dialyzers
3.2. BPA and ClxBPA Occurrence throughout the Water Purification Process
3.3. BPA and ClxBPA in Ultrapure Dialysate and Replacement Fluid
4. Discussion
4.1. BPA Is Leached from High-Permeability Dialyzers
4.2. BPA and ClxBPA Are Not Eliminated by Water Purification Process
4.3. Dialysate and Replacement Fluid are Sources of Exposure to BPA and ClxBPA
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dialyzers | TS-2.1SL | Vie-21A | Elisio-21H | Polyflux 210H |
---|---|---|---|---|
Manufacturers | Toray (Tokyo, Japan) | AsahiKASEI (Tokyo, Japan) | Nipro EUROPE (St.Beauzire, France) | Gambro (Colombes, France) |
Housing material | Polycarbonate | Polycarbonate | Polypropylene | Polycarbonate |
Fiber material | Polysulfone | Polysulfone | Polyethersulfone | Polyarylethersulfone, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Polyamide blend |
[Inner diameter (µm) | 200 | 185 | 200 | 215 |
Membrane thickness (µm) | 40 | 45 | 40 | 50 |
Effective surface area (m²) | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 |
Potting material | Polyurethane | Polyurethane | Polyurethane | Polyurethane |
Sterilization | Gamma-ray irradiation | Gamma-ray irradiation | Dry gamma | Steam |
Dialyzers | Compartment | BPA (ng/dialyzer) |
---|---|---|
TS-2.1 SL | Rinsing solution | 365.9 ± 266.1 |
Simulating blood | 0.6 ± 0.5 | |
Dialysate | 0.9 ± 0.1 | |
Polyflux 210H | Rinsing solution | 299.0 ± 129.7 |
Simulating blood | 1.4 ± 0.2 | |
Dialysate | 3.2 ± 3.5 | |
Vie-21A | Rinsing solution | 440.4 ± 188.3 |
Simulating blood | 38.5 ± 41.7 | |
Dialysate | 16.2 ± 5.3 | |
Elisio-21H | Rinsing solution | 111.7 ± 48.4 |
Simulating blood | 3.7 ± 0.5 | |
Dialysate | 3 ± 0.4 |
BPA (ng·L−1) | MCBPA (ng·L−1) | DCBPA (ng·L−1) | TCBPA (ng·L−1) | TTCBPA (ng·L−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water intake (SP1) | 2.8 ± 2.0 | 0.7 ± 1.3 | 14.4 ± 14.3 | <LOQ | 1.9 ± 2.3 |
Sand filter (SP2) | 0.8 ± 0.5 | <LOQ | 8.9 ± 6.6 | <LOQ | 0.6 ± 0.4 |
5 µm filter (SP3) | 2.0 ± 2.4 | <LOQ | 15.3 ± 13.0 | <LOQ | 1.0 ± 1.2 |
Softener (SP4) | 3.2 ± 4.4 | <LOQ | 9.7 ± 4.0 | <LOQ | 0.6 ± 0.6 |
Carbon filter (SP5) | 4.6 ± 7.6 | <LOQ | 12.9 ± 9.0 | ND | 0.9 ± 0.8 |
Reverse osmosis (SP6) | 6.1 ± 10.0 | <LOQ | 14.5 ± 11.5 | ND | 1.0 ± 1.2 |
Absolute filter (SP7) | 3.1 ± 2.8 | <LOQ | 8.4 ± 9.6 | ND | 0.6 ± 0.9 |
Ultrapure Water (ng·L−1) | Ultrapure Dialysate (ng·L−1) | Replacement Fluid (ng·L−1) | |
---|---|---|---|
MCBPA | 0.4 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 1.7 | 3.4 ± 3.2 |
DCBPA | 6.5 ± 1.2 | 12.8 ± 5.9 | 42.5 ± 22.1 |
TCBPA | 1.8 ± 1.3 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 1.3 ± 0.6 |
TTBPA | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 0.5 ± 0.4 |
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Bacle, A.; Dupuis, A.; Belmouaz, M.; Bauwens, M.; Cambien, G.; Venisse, N.; Pierre-Eugene, P.; Potin, S.; Migeot, V.; Ayraud-Thevenot, S. Overexposure to Bisphenol A and Its Chlorinated Derivatives of Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease during Online Hemodiafiltration. Biomolecules 2019, 9, 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9090403
Bacle A, Dupuis A, Belmouaz M, Bauwens M, Cambien G, Venisse N, Pierre-Eugene P, Potin S, Migeot V, Ayraud-Thevenot S. Overexposure to Bisphenol A and Its Chlorinated Derivatives of Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease during Online Hemodiafiltration. Biomolecules. 2019; 9(9):403. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9090403
Chicago/Turabian StyleBacle, Astrid, Antoine Dupuis, Mohamed Belmouaz, Marc Bauwens, Guillaume Cambien, Nicolas Venisse, Pascale Pierre-Eugene, Sophie Potin, Virginie Migeot, and Sarah Ayraud-Thevenot. 2019. "Overexposure to Bisphenol A and Its Chlorinated Derivatives of Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease during Online Hemodiafiltration" Biomolecules 9, no. 9: 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9090403