Evaluation of Plasma E-Selectin Concentration as a Risk Marker for Atherosclerotic Vascular Damage in Patients with Early CAD
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Groups
2.2. Clinical Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
5.1. Is There an Association Between Plasma E-Selectin Levels and Stable CAD or the Presence of Known Biochemical and Clinical Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease?
5.2. Could Plasma Measurement of E-Selectin Replace Classical Cardiac or Radiological Examination of Vascular Status?
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter in CAD Group | Value |
---|---|
Past MI | 70% |
Time since diagnosis of MI to joining the program (years) | 3.20 ± 0.74 |
Age of the first MI (years) | 44.0 ± 5.6 |
Age of patient (years) | 49.9 ± 5.91 |
Gender (% males) | 75% |
Weight (kg) | 83.4 ± 17.0 |
Waist (cm) | 98.3 ± 12.5 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.1 ± 3.98 |
WHR | 0.96 ± 0.09 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 127 ± 14.2 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 77.0 ± 9.01 |
Heart rate (1/min) | 70.7 ± 12.1 |
MAP (mmHg) | 93.8 ± 9.35 |
History of hypertension | 66% |
Age at diagnosis of hypertension (years) | 42.6 ± 8.6 |
Cigarette smokers | 89% |
Years smoking | 18.9 ± 9.8 |
Past CABG | 37% |
Past PTCA | 71% |
Diabetes type 2 | 13% |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 107 ± 24.8 |
Statins | 96% |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 173 ± 40.4 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 102 ± 36.2 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 48.4 ± 11.5 |
ApoA1 (mg/dL) | 154 ± 38.4 |
ApoB/ApoA1 | 0.53 ± 0.15 |
Lp(a) (mg/dL) | 40.3 ± 49.3 |
Triacylglycerols (mg/dL) | 136 ± 57.1 |
Anti-platelet drugs (Aspirin) | 90% |
Beta-blockers | 88% |
ACEI | 80% |
Diuretics | 31% |
Calcium channel blockers | 18% |
ARB | 17% |
LVEF (%) | 53.6 ± 11.1 |
LVMI (g/m2) | 183 ± 62.3 |
Left ventricular end–diastolic diameter (mm) | 51.3 ± 7.17 |
Left ventricular end–diastolic volume (mL) | 121 ± 43.4 |
Left atrium diameter (mm) | 38.6 ± 5.71 |
LVDF normal | 38% |
LVDF impaired | 54% |
LVDF pseudonormal | 8% |
Right ventricular end–diastolic diameter (mm) | 32.9 ± 5.60 |
Right ventricular mean systolic pressure (mmHg) | 22.0 ± 6.27 |
DT (ms) | 221 ± 69.5 |
E/A ratio | 1.12 ± 0.37 |
TNF (pg/mL) | 1.33 ± 0.36 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.69 ± 2.77 |
VEGF (pg/mL) | 236 ± 17.2 |
hsCRP (mg/L) | 1.82 ± 2.7 |
Platelets (G/L) | 218 ± 44.6 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.8 ± 1.14 |
Hematocrit (%) | 43.9 ± 3.17 |
RBC (T/L) | 4.91 ± 0.42 |
MCV (fL) | 89.6 ± 4.40 |
MPV (fl) | 10.6 ± 0.09 |
WBC (G/L) | 6.80 ± 0.22 |
ABI | 1.16 ± 0.03 |
IMC cca (mm) | 0.81 ± 0.01 |
IMC ba (mm) | 0.57 ± 0.01 |
PLA present (%) | 76% |
PLA thickness (mm) | 1.41 ± 0.08 |
PLA length (mm) | 7.71 ± 0.33 |
PLA density (AU) | 70.0 ± 3.20 |
Parameter in Control Group | Value |
---|---|
Age of patient (years) | 48 ± 3.20 |
Gender (% males) | 74% |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 96.0 ± 4.07 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 217 ± 6.36 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 126 ± 5.74 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 66.0 ± 2.15 |
ApoA1 (mg/dL) | 177 ± 5.16 |
ApoB/ApoA1 | 0.51 ± 0.03 |
Lp(a) (mg/dL) | 23.2 ± 9.83 |
Triacylglycerols (mg/dL) | 110 ± 8.52 |
TNF (pg/mL) | 1.51 ± 0.005 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.47 ± 0.33 |
VEGF (pg/mL) | 220 ± 77.5 |
hsCRP (mg/L) | 2.10 ± 0.26 |
Platelets (G/L) | 223 ± 11.2 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.7 ± 0.15 |
Hematocrit (%) | 41.4 ± 0.43 |
RBC (T/L) | 4.64 ± 0.06 |
MCV (fL) | 90.0 ± 0.72 |
MPV (fL) | 10.3 ± 0.14 |
WBC (G/L) | 5.50 ± 0.16 |
E-Selectin | ng/mL | p-Value * |
---|---|---|
CAD group | 35.58 ± 1.21 | 0.11 |
control group | 41.17 ± 1.99 | |
CAD male subgroup | 38.11 ± 1.48 | 0.011 |
CAD female subgroup | 31.22 ± 2.01 |
Parameter | Correlations for CAD Patients (n = 100) | Correlations for Control Group (n = 50) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Rs | p-Value | Rs | p-Value | |
RBC (T/L) | 0.19 | 0.067 | 0.37 | 0.0069 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 0.31 | 0.0027 | 0.50 | 0.00015 |
Hematocrit (%) | 0.30 | 0.0040 | 0.50 | 0.00032 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | −0.24 | 0.018 | −0.28 | 0.042 |
Triacylglycerols (mg/dL) | 0.38 | 0.00018 | 0.24 | 0.093 |
ApoB/ApoA1 | 0.26 | 0.012 | - | - |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 0.10 | 0.33 | 0.314 | 0.025 |
Parameter | Correlations for CAD Patients (n = 100) | |
---|---|---|
Rs | p-Value | |
Age of patient (years) | −0.34 | 0.00087 |
Right ventricular end–diastolic diameter (mm) | 0.21 | 0.046 |
PLA length (mm) | −0.43 | 0.0064 |
Independent Variables | Standardized β Coefficient (95%CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Triacylglycerols (mg/dL) | +0.37 | 0.00025 |
Age of patient (years) | −0.22 | 0.023 |
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Rac, M.; Rac, M.; Krzystolik, A.; Safranow, K.; Chlubek, D.; Dziedziejko, V. Evaluation of Plasma E-Selectin Concentration as a Risk Marker for Atherosclerotic Vascular Damage in Patients with Early CAD. Biomolecules 2025, 15, 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15010022
Rac M, Rac M, Krzystolik A, Safranow K, Chlubek D, Dziedziejko V. Evaluation of Plasma E-Selectin Concentration as a Risk Marker for Atherosclerotic Vascular Damage in Patients with Early CAD. Biomolecules. 2025; 15(1):22. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15010022
Chicago/Turabian StyleRac, Monika, Michal Rac, Andrzej Krzystolik, Krzysztof Safranow, Dariusz Chlubek, and Violetta Dziedziejko. 2025. "Evaluation of Plasma E-Selectin Concentration as a Risk Marker for Atherosclerotic Vascular Damage in Patients with Early CAD" Biomolecules 15, no. 1: 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15010022
APA StyleRac, M., Rac, M., Krzystolik, A., Safranow, K., Chlubek, D., & Dziedziejko, V. (2025). Evaluation of Plasma E-Selectin Concentration as a Risk Marker for Atherosclerotic Vascular Damage in Patients with Early CAD. Biomolecules, 15(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15010022