Recycling of Uridylated mRNAs in Starfish Embryos
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animal and Oocyte Preparation
2.2. RT-PCR with 3′ Adaptor Ligation and Tail Sequence
2.3. 5′-Rapid Amplification of cDNA
2.4. DNA Cloning and Plasmids for In Vitro RNA Synthesis
2.5. Microinjection
2.6. In Vitro Transcription
2.7. Real-Time qPCR
2.8. Translation Assay
2.9. Luciferase Assay
2.10. Illumina MiSeq Sequencing for Targeted TAIL-Seq
2.11. Correction of mRNA (cDNA) Sequences for Mapping of Targeted TAIL-Seq Reads
- (1)
- To prevent the misalignments of reads, a poly(A) sequence 50 nt in length was added to the 3′ end of the mRNA in silico.
- (2)
- Reads of the GV sample from the oocytes before hormonal stimulation were randomly downsampled to a coverage depth of 1000×.
- (3)
- Downsampled reads were mapped to the mRNA sequence using BWA-MEM [36] (version 0.7.12-r1044) with the default parameters.
- (4)
- Mapped reads were piled up using SAMtools [36] (version 1.3.1). The commands were ‘sort’, ‘index’, and ‘mpileup’ with the parameters, and the output was the text file of the pileup result.
- (5)
- For each position in the mRNA sequence, a base (A, T (U), G, or C) was changed to the majority position using the pileup result and the in-house program.
- (6)
- The poly(A) sequence added to (1) was removed.
2.12. Extraction of Valid 3′ Reads from the Targeted TAIL-Seq
- (1)
- The 3′ adapters in the reads were searched for using BLASTN (Camacho et al., 2009 [37]) (version 2.6.0) with the option of ‘-task blastn-short -word_size 6 -window_size 0 -dust no’ to handle short sequences. Here, the query and database inputs were reads and adapters, respectively (‘-query reads.fa -db adapter’).
- (2)
- Reads in which 3′ adapters were aligned with identity ≥ 90%, in which alignment-coverage of the adapter was 100%, and in which alignment positions were the heads of reads were extracted. Read pairs without the 3′ adapter were discarded. For each extracted read pair, the reads with and without the 3′ adapter were treated as 3′ and 5′ reads, respectively.
- (3)
- The 5′ reads were aligned to the targeted mRNA using BLASTN with the options of ‘task blastn -word_size 10 -window_size 0 -dust no’ and read pairs in which 5′ reads were aligned with identity ≥ 90% and alignment length ≥ 200 nt were extracted, and the others were discarded to exclude contamination.
2.13. Analysis of Poly(A) and 3′ Modifications in Targeted TAIL-Seq Reads
- (1)
- The 3′ reads of the extracted pairs (see ‘Extraction of 3′ reads of targeted mRNAs’) were aligned to the targeted mRNA using BLASTN with the options of ‘-task blastn -word_size 10 -window_size 0 -dust no’.
- (2)
- If an alignment with a length ≥ 30 nt was detected in a 3′ read, the aligned region was treated as a 3′ UTR (not a 3′ tail region). To handle low-quality reads associated with poly(A), a sequence identity cut-off was not applied.
- (3)
- To detect poly(A) regions, a score was calculated based on the composition of bases as follows: A, +1; N, −1; T, G, or C, −2. If the score was higher, it was considered that the region was more likely to comprise poly(T). Although the concept of this score was introduced in a previous study [20], our calculation method differed from that originally published (A, +1; N, −2; T, G, or C, −10) to detect non-canonical poly(A) regions. For each 3′ read, the scores were calculated for all regions (substrings), and the region that satisfied the following conditions was determined as a poly(A): maximum score throughout the read, score > 0, and distance to the 3′ end of the read ≤ 15 nt.
- (4)
- Using the results of (2) and (3), regions in each 3′ read were classified as 3′ UTR, poly(A), 3′ end modification (a region between poly(A) and the 3′ end of a read), and other. Statistics, such as length, were calculated for each class. When calculating the length distributions of poly(A)s, the regions with lengths ≥ 40 nt were treated as the same category (‘≥40 nt’) because the lengths of the long poly(A)s tended to be overestimated due to systematic base-calling errors [20].
- (5)
- For each 3′-end modification, classification was based on the major base (T, G, or C). If multiple bases occurred at the same time, the modification was classified as ‘≥2′.
- (6)
- To reduce the influence of sequencing errors, bases in the 3′ reads with quality values of <20 were masked, and the composition of the bases (rates of A, T, G, and C) was calculated using unmasked reads.
2.14. Analysis of TAIL-Seq Data of Xenopus Laevis
- (1)
- The data set was generated and pre-processed in a previous study [4] using Tailseeker (version 3.1.7; https://github.com/hyeshik/tailseeker, accessed on 13 September 2019); the pre-processing steps included the removal of adaptors and PCR duplicates. Intermediate FASTQ files of paired reads were obtained through personal communication with Dr. Hyeshik Chang (an author of the previous study).
- (2)
- The 5′ reads were mapped to the X. laevis RNA sequence set (RefSeq accession, GCF_001663975.1; file name, GCF_001663975.1_Xenopus_laevis_v2_rna_from_genomic.fna) using BWA-MEM (Li and Durbin, 2009 [36]) (version 0.7.12-r1044) with the default parameters.
- (3)
- The 5′ reads that were primarily mapped to the mRNA of rps29 (40S ribosomal protein; accession, NM_001171730.1) were detected and the corresponding 3′ reads extracted.
- (4)
- For the extracted 3′ reads, the same procedures were applied as for the starfish (see ‘Detection and analysis of 3′ ends of mRNA including poly(A)’).
3. Results
3.1. Cylin B mRNA Decay Occurs After Deadenylation and Uridylation at MZT
3.2. Ribosomal Protein mRNAs Are Uridylated After 1-MA Stimulation and Fertilization, Followed by Non-Canonical Poly(A) Tail Formation in Embryos at the Blastula Stage
3.3. Targeted TAIL-Seq of Rps29 mRNA
3.4. Injected 3′ UTR of Rps29 mRNA Behaves Similarly to Endogenous mRNA
3.5. AAUAAA Cleavage Recognition Site and Polyadenylation Specificity Factor (CPSF) Are Not Required for Re-Polyadenylation
3.6. Non-Canonical Poly(A) Tailed mRNA Is Translationally Active
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Yamazaki, H.; Furuichi, M.; Katagiri, M.; Kajitani, R.; Itoh, T.; Chiba, K. Recycling of Uridylated mRNAs in Starfish Embryos. Biomolecules 2024, 14, 1610. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14121610
Yamazaki H, Furuichi M, Katagiri M, Kajitani R, Itoh T, Chiba K. Recycling of Uridylated mRNAs in Starfish Embryos. Biomolecules. 2024; 14(12):1610. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14121610
Chicago/Turabian StyleYamazaki, Haruka, Megumi Furuichi, Mikoto Katagiri, Rei Kajitani, Takehiko Itoh, and Kazuyoshi Chiba. 2024. "Recycling of Uridylated mRNAs in Starfish Embryos" Biomolecules 14, no. 12: 1610. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14121610
APA StyleYamazaki, H., Furuichi, M., Katagiri, M., Kajitani, R., Itoh, T., & Chiba, K. (2024). Recycling of Uridylated mRNAs in Starfish Embryos. Biomolecules, 14(12), 1610. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14121610