When Dad’s Stress Gets under Kid’s Skin—Impacts of Stress on Germline Cargo and Embryonic Development
Abstract
1. Epigenetic Inheritance
2. Vertical Information Carriers of Epigenetic Inheritance in the Paternal Germline?
2.1. Non-Coding RNAs
2.2. DNA Methylation
2.3. Histone Modifications
2.4. Chromatin Structure
2.5. Transcription Factors
3. Epigenetic Regulators in the Early Embryo—How Do Stress-Induced Changes in the Paternal Epigenome Impact Them?
3.1. Non-Coding RNA
3.2. DNA Methylation
3.3. Histone Modifications
3.4. Chromatin Structure
3.5. Transcription Factors
4. Stress Sensitivity as a Converging Effect of Distinct Types of Exposures
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Stressor | Epimodification Affected in Sperm | Epimodification Affected in Offspring (Organ) | Paternal Phenotype | Offspring Phenotype | Causality Checked | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Behavioural | Metabolic | Behavioural | Metabolic | |||||
Franklin et al., 2010 [58] | MSUS | DNA methylation | DNA methylation (sperm) | + | N.A. | + | N.A. | N.A. |
Rodgers et al., 2013 [44] | chronic variable stress | miRNA | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | + | + | N.A. |
Gapp et al., 2014 [47] | MSUS | miRNA, tRF, piRNA, DNA methylation | miRNA (serum) | + | + | + | + | RNA injection |
Rodgers et al., 2015 [59] | chronic variable stress | miRNA | − | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | + | RNA injection |
Gapp et al., 2016 [60] | MSUS | DNA methylation | DNA methylation (brain) | + | N.A. | + | N.A. | N.A. |
Wu et al., 2016 [61] | chronic restraint | DNA methylation | DNA methylation (brain) | N.A. | + | N.A. | + | N.A. |
Dickson et al., 2018 [62] | chronic social instability | miRNA | miRNA (embryo) | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | embryonic miRNA |
Gapp et al., 2020 [63] | MSUS | lncRNA | lncRNA (zygote) | + | N.A. | + | + | RNA injection |
Gapp et al., 2021 [64] | Dexamethasone | miRNA, tRF, rRNA, circRNA | tRF | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | + | embryonic tRF |
Cunningham et al., 2021 [65] | chronic social defeat | lncRNA | N.A. | + | N.A. | + | N.A. | N.A. |
Kong et al., 2021 [66] | chronic restraint | DNA methylation | DNA methylation (brain) | − | − | + | N.A. | N.A. |
Y. Wang et al., 2021 [67] | chronic variable stress | miRNA, piRNA | − | + | + | + | + | RNA injection, antisense strand RNA injection |
X. Zheng et al., 2021 [68] | chronic restraint | DNA methylation | DNA methylation (embryo) | + | + | + | + | N.A. |
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Kretschmer, M.; Fischer, V.; Gapp, K. When Dad’s Stress Gets under Kid’s Skin—Impacts of Stress on Germline Cargo and Embryonic Development. Biomolecules 2023, 13, 1750. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13121750
Kretschmer M, Fischer V, Gapp K. When Dad’s Stress Gets under Kid’s Skin—Impacts of Stress on Germline Cargo and Embryonic Development. Biomolecules. 2023; 13(12):1750. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13121750
Chicago/Turabian StyleKretschmer, Miriam, Vincent Fischer, and Katharina Gapp. 2023. "When Dad’s Stress Gets under Kid’s Skin—Impacts of Stress on Germline Cargo and Embryonic Development" Biomolecules 13, no. 12: 1750. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13121750
APA StyleKretschmer, M., Fischer, V., & Gapp, K. (2023). When Dad’s Stress Gets under Kid’s Skin—Impacts of Stress on Germline Cargo and Embryonic Development. Biomolecules, 13(12), 1750. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13121750