The Contribution of Large Recurrent Sunspot Groups to Solar Activity: Empirical Evidence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data
3. Method
3.1. Focus of the Identification
3.2. Identification of the Recurrent Groups
3.3. Samples of Large and Moderate Nestles
4. Results
4.1. Indices of Recurrent Sunspot Groups
4.2. Recurrent Sunspot Group Lifetime
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Rules Applied to Define Recurrent Sunspot Groups
Appendix B. Choice of the Ellipse Semi-Axes
MH | Ellipse Size | Ellipse Size | Number of the Groupsin the Training Set |
---|---|---|---|
Error type I () | 14 | 8 | 529 |
Error type II () | 148 | 27 | |
MH | Number of the groupsin the training set | ||
Error type I () | 26 | 22 | 920 |
Error type II () | 238 | 43 |
MH | ||
---|---|---|
Error type I | (18872, 18882), | (19061, 19062), |
(18959, 18971) | ||
Error type II | 18559, 21356, 19200, 21506 | 17782, 18756 |
14838, 16486, 18756, 20125, 23119 | ||
14717, 15638, 17161, 17782 |
Appendix C. Comparison with Other Identifications
- (1)
- The matching of the groups with ID 4285–4296 presented in RGO and GPR(linked) is also with our catalogue ;
- (2)
- 4369–4386 is presented in GPR(linked) and ;
- (3)
- 4376–4399 presented in RGO and is replaced by the matching 4376–4395 in GPR(linked);
- (4)
- 4416–4435–4448 in GPR(linked) corresponding to 4416–4435–4446 in RGO is identified as 4435–4447 in (Rule 4 violated);
- (5)
- 4428–4441 is presented in GPR(linked) and ;
- (6)
- 4456–4473 is presented in RGO, GPR(linked), and (note that GPR(linked) contains the matching 4457–4473 in addition).
Appendix D. Example of Potentially Wrong Identification
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Shapoval, A. The Contribution of Large Recurrent Sunspot Groups to Solar Activity: Empirical Evidence. Universe 2022, 8, 180. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8030180
Shapoval A. The Contribution of Large Recurrent Sunspot Groups to Solar Activity: Empirical Evidence. Universe. 2022; 8(3):180. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8030180
Chicago/Turabian StyleShapoval, Alexander. 2022. "The Contribution of Large Recurrent Sunspot Groups to Solar Activity: Empirical Evidence" Universe 8, no. 3: 180. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8030180