Correlations between Earthquake Properties and Characteristics of Possible ULF Geomagnetic Precursor over Multiple Earthquakes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Instrumentation and Data Acquisition
3. Methodology
3.1. Precusor Detection
3.2. Direction Estimation
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Precursor Detection and Direction Estimation
4.2. Statistics of Precursor Presences
4.3. Correlation Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | Code | Location | Lat. (°N) 1 | Lon. (°E) 1 | Year (s) 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Southeast Asia | CEB | Cebu, Philippines | 10.36 | 123.91 | 2011–2012 |
CDO | Cagayan De Oro, Philippines | 8.46 | 124.63 | 2013 | |
GSI | Gunung Sitoli, Indonesia | 1.18 | 97.34 | 2014–2015 | |
KTB | Kotatabang, Indonesia | −0.20 | 100.32 | 2009 | |
East Asia | PTK | Paratunka, Russia | 52.94 | 158.25 | 2013, 2015–2016 |
ASB | Ashibetsu, Japan | 43.46 | 142.17 | 2011–2013 | |
TNO | Tohno, Japan | 39.30 | 141.60 | 2011, 2013–2015 | |
ONW | Onagawa, Japan | 38.40 | 141.47 | 2008, 2010–2013, 2015–2016 | |
HLN | Hualien, Taiwan | 23.90 | 121.55 | 2009–2013 | |
South America | ANC | Ancon, Peru | −11.77 | −77.15 | 2007 |
ID 1 | Date (UT) | Lat. (°N) | Lon. (°E) | M2 | h (km) 3 | Station 4 | d (km) 5 | (°) 7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 6 February 2012 | 10.06 | 123.27 | 6.7 | 40 | CEB | 78 | 597 | 244.59 |
2 | 15 October 2013 | 09.92 | 124.10 | 7.1 | 15 | CDO | 172 | 776 | 340.33 |
3 | 14 September 2014 | 01.17 | 097.27 | 5.5 | 30 | GSI | 37 | 97 | 247.25 |
4 | 8 May 2015 | 01.56 | 097.80 | 5.7 | 40 | GSI | 38 | 137 | 40.22 |
5 | 16 August 2009 | −01.42 | 099.46 | 6.7 | 30 | KTB | 166 | 398 | 215.17 |
6 | 30 September 2009 | −00.76 | 099.84 | 7.6 | 80 | KTB | 82 | 2754 | 220.60 |
7 | 26 February 2013 | 53.06 | 158.01 | 5.3 | 132 | PTK | 21 | 78 | 309.82 |
8 | 30 January 2016 | 54.03 | 158.54 | 7.2 | 159 | PTK | 123 | 1128 | 8.88 |
9 | 21 October 2011 | 43.91 | 142.51 | 6.1 | 182 | ASB | 57 | 239 | 28.53 |
10 | 2 February 2013 | 42.79 | 143.17 | 6.9 | 100 | ASB | 110 | 712 | 132.21 |
11 | 11 March 2011 | 38.30 | 142.50 | 9.0 | 22 | TNO | 142 | 23,214 | 146.48 |
12 | 31 March 2013 | 39.12 | 141.88 | 5.5 | 35 | TNO | 37 | 97 | 138.97 |
13 | 16 February 2015 | 39.87 | 142.94 | 6.8 | 15 | TNO | 128 | 553 | 63.73 |
14 | 12 May 2015 | 38.95 | 141.99 | 6.8 | 40 | TNO | 58 | 799 | 144.12 |
15 | 1 June 2008 | 38.51 | 141.77 | 5.1 | 60 | ONW | 26 | 53 | 72.77 |
16 | 13 June 2008 | 39.12 | 140.64 | 7.0 | 33 | ONW | 105 | 868 | 316.34 |
17 | 19 July 2008 | 37.63 | 142.13 | 6.8 | 30 | ONW | 107 | 610 | 147.50 |
18 | 11 March 2011 | 38.30 | 142.50 | 9.0 | 22 | ONW | 90 | 29,554 | 99.61 |
19 | 14 March 2010 | 37.82 | 141.61 | 6.6 | 40 | ONW | 70 | 525 | 170.59 |
20 | 25 January 2012 | 38.21 | 141.69 | 5.3 | 49 | ONW | 31 | 72 | 144.32 |
21 | 8 March 2012 | 38.63 | 141.66 | 5.0 | 52 | ONW | 26 | 45 | 36.48 |
22 | 5 May 2012 | 38.25 | 141.54 | 5.2 | 50 | ONW | 22 | 65 | 166.07 |
23 | 17 June 2012 | 38.97 | 141.83 | 6.4 | 60 | ONW | 66 | 379 | 27.15 |
24 | 29 August 2012 | 38.49 | 141.78 | 5.5 | 48 | ONW | 27 | 105 | 77.89 |
25 | 25 October 2012 | 38.33 | 141.84 | 5.6 | 50 | ONW | 34 | 119 | 111.18 |
26 | 21 November 2012 | 38.55 | 141.72 | 5.0 | 53 | ONW | 24 | 45 | 59.57 |
27 | 17 April 2013 | 38.53 | 141.56 | 5.9 | 45 | ONW | 12 | 237 | 34.81 |
28 | 4 August 2013 | 38.26 | 141.81 | 5.8 | 60 | ONW | 35 | 166 | 124.72 |
29 | 12 May 2015 | 38.95 | 141.99 | 6.8 | 40 | ONW | 72 | 732 | 37.81 |
30 | 26 April 2016 | 38.22 | 141.63 | 5.0 | 52 | ONW | 28 | 44 | 151.81 |
31 | 19 December 2009 | 23.87 | 121.66 | 6.4 | 48 | HLN | 12 | 565 | 106.59 |
32 | 27 March 2013 | 23.84 | 121.13 | 6.0 | 21 | HLN | 43 | 221 | 261.21 |
33 | 2 June 2013 | 23.79 | 121.08 | 6.2 | 20 | HLN | 49 | 299 | 255.74 |
34 | 15 August 2007 | −13.14 | −076.71 | 7.9 | 40 | ANC | 160 | 3240 | 162.64 |
ID 1 | A (a.u.) 2 | Δf (Hz) 3 | (Days) 4 | (°) 6 | ap, Dst (nT) 9 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.746 | 0.01–0.02 | 17 | 01–05 | 255 | −10.41 | 2.892 | 5, −5 |
3 | 2.254 | 0.03–0.04 | 16 | 01–05 | 255 | −7.75 | 2.153 | 22, −26 |
4 | 2.763 | 0.07–0.08 | 3 | 22–02 | 115 | −74.78 | 20.772 | 4, −9 |
5 | 1.911 | 0.08–0.09 | 3 | 00–04 | 215 | 0.17 | 0.047 | 3, −7 |
6 | 2.199 | 0.08–0.09 | 4 | 22–02 | 135 | 85.60 | 23.778 | 4, 11 |
8 | 2.126 | 0.02–0.03 | 1 | 02–06 | 25 | −16.12 | 4.478 | 3, −2 |
9 | 2.793 | 0.08–0.09 | 16 | 00–04 | 25 | 3.53 | 0.981 | 22, −23 |
10 | 1.926 | 0.03–0.04 | 0 10 | 22–02 | 105 | 27.21 | 7.558 | 7, −18 |
11 | 1.840 | 0.03–0.04 | 14 | 00–04 | 175 | −28.52 | 7.922 | 4, 0 |
12 | 1.987 | 0.08–0.09 | 11 | 22–02 | 175 | −36.03 | 10.008 | 9, −28 |
13 | 2.932 | 0.02–0.03 | 6 | 00–04 | 345 | −78.73 | 21.869 | 6, −8 |
14 | 2.264 | 0.02–0.03 | 8 | 22–02 | 115 | 29.12 | 8.089 | 12, −6 |
15 | 2.029 | 0.02–0.03 | 3 | 02–06 | 355 | −77.77 | 21.603 | 12, −4 |
16 | 2.752 | 0.07–0.08 | 15 | 22–02 | 325 | −8.66 | 2.406 | 12, −11 |
17 | 2.630 | 0.09–0.10 | 14 | 23–03 | 135 | 12.50 | 3.472 | 12, −10 |
18 | 2.304 | 0.05–0.06 | 38 | 00–04 | 95 | 4.61 | 1.281 | 18, −19 |
23 | 2.213 | 0.05–0.06 | 12 | 22–02 | 75 | −47.85 | 13.292 | 27, −26 |
24 | 2.706 | 0.08–0.09 | 11 | 01–05 | 65 | 12.89 | 3.581 | 22, −6 |
26 | 2.946 | 0.08–0.09 | 6 | 00–04 | 95 | −35.43 | 9.842 | 3, −23 |
34 | 2.298 | 0.08–0.09 | 3 | 02–06 | 125 | 37.64 | 10.456 | 7, −18 |
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Yusof, K.A.; Abdullah, M.; Hamid, N.S.A.; Ahadi, S.; Yoshikawa, A. Correlations between Earthquake Properties and Characteristics of Possible ULF Geomagnetic Precursor over Multiple Earthquakes. Universe 2021, 7, 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe7010020
Yusof KA, Abdullah M, Hamid NSA, Ahadi S, Yoshikawa A. Correlations between Earthquake Properties and Characteristics of Possible ULF Geomagnetic Precursor over Multiple Earthquakes. Universe. 2021; 7(1):20. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe7010020
Chicago/Turabian StyleYusof, Khairul Adib, Mardina Abdullah, Nurul Shazana Abdul Hamid, Suaidi Ahadi, and Akimasa Yoshikawa. 2021. "Correlations between Earthquake Properties and Characteristics of Possible ULF Geomagnetic Precursor over Multiple Earthquakes" Universe 7, no. 1: 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe7010020