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Volume 11
Issue 8
10.3390/universe11080263
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

The Evolution of Radiating Stars Is Affected by Dimension

by
Sunil D. Maharaj
1,*,
Byron P. Brassel
1,2,
Megandhren Govender
2 and
Keshlan S. Govinder
1
1
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
2
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Universe 2025, 11(8), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe11080263 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 21 May 2025 / Revised: 1 August 2025 / Accepted: 6 August 2025 / Published: 9 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Celebrating the 110th Anniversary of General Relativity: Advances, Challenges and Perspectives)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The dynamics of a radiating star in general relativity are studied in higher dimensions for a specified shear-free metric. The temporal evolution of the radiating star depends on the spacetime dimension. In particular, we show explicitly that the gravitational potential changes with increasing spacetime dimension. A detailed analysis of the boundary condition is undertaken. We find new exact solutions and first integrals for the boundary condition equation. Known results in four dimensions are regained as special cases. A phase plane analysis indicates that the model asymptotically approaches a static end state or continues to radiate. The physical features are affected by dimension, and we indicate how the luminosity changes with increasing dimension.
Keywords: radiating stars; exact models; higher dimensions; phase plane analysis radiating stars; exact models; higher dimensions; phase plane analysis

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Maharaj, S.D.; Brassel, B.P.; Govender, M.; Govinder, K.S. The Evolution of Radiating Stars Is Affected by Dimension. Universe 2025, 11, 263. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe11080263

AMA Style

Maharaj SD, Brassel BP, Govender M, Govinder KS. The Evolution of Radiating Stars Is Affected by Dimension. Universe. 2025; 11(8):263. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe11080263

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maharaj, Sunil D., Byron P. Brassel, Megandhren Govender, and Keshlan S. Govinder. 2025. "The Evolution of Radiating Stars Is Affected by Dimension" Universe 11, no. 8: 263. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe11080263

APA Style

Maharaj, S. D., Brassel, B. P., Govender, M., & Govinder, K. S. (2025). The Evolution of Radiating Stars Is Affected by Dimension. Universe, 11(8), 263. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe11080263

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