Clofazimine-Mediated, Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Metabolites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animal Studies
2.2. Quantification of Carnitine, Acetylcarnitine and CFZ
2.3. Endurance Testing
2.4. Chemical Imaging of CFZ Accumulation in Muscles
2.5. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Age and CFZ-Related Changes in Muscle Mitochondrial Metabolites Are Not Reflected in the Blood
3.2. Both Young and Old CFZ-Treated Mice Exhibited a Pronounced Catabolic Phenotype Compared with Control Vehicle-Treated Mice
3.3. CFZ Treatment Decreased Endurance in Old Mice
3.4. Greater CFZ Accumulation Occurred in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle of Old Mice
3.5. Chemical Analysis of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Reveals CFZ Is Present in Discrete, Microscopic Crystalline Inclusions as the Protonated Salt Form of the Drug
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Diaz-Espinosa, J.; Stringer, K.A.; Rosania, G.R. Clofazimine-Mediated, Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Metabolites. Metabolites 2023, 13, 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13050671
Diaz-Espinosa J, Stringer KA, Rosania GR. Clofazimine-Mediated, Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Metabolites. Metabolites. 2023; 13(5):671. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13050671
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiaz-Espinosa, Jennifer, Kathleen A. Stringer, and Gus R. Rosania. 2023. "Clofazimine-Mediated, Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Metabolites" Metabolites 13, no. 5: 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13050671
APA StyleDiaz-Espinosa, J., Stringer, K. A., & Rosania, G. R. (2023). Clofazimine-Mediated, Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Metabolites. Metabolites, 13(5), 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13050671