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Metabolic and Other Endocrine Elements with Regard to Lifestyle Choices: Focus on E-Cigarettes

Metabolites 2023, 13(12), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13121192

by Andrei Osman^1,†, Gabriel Sebastian Petrescu^2,†

, Mihaela Jana Tuculină^3,*

, Ionela Teodora Dascălu^4,*, Cristina Popescu¹, Anca-Ștefania Enescu¹, Constantin Dăguci⁵, Anca-Pati Cucu⁶

, Claudiu Nistor^7,‡ and Mara Carsote^8,‡

Reviewer 1:

Kevin P. Uribe

Reviewer 2: Anonymous

Reviewer 3: Anonymous

Metabolites 2023, 13(12), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13121192

Submission received: 7 October 2023 / Revised: 22 November 2023 / Accepted: 29 November 2023 / Published: 8 December 2023

(This article belongs to the Topic Metabolic Syndrome, Biomarkers and Lifestyles)

Round 1

Reviewer 1 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

Line 46: “Original studies” is vague. Specify if it is experimental or primary studies. Also, before you begin categorizing studies, state how many total studies were included in the narrative review

Line 53: Again, be specific if it type-1 or type-2 diabetes.

Line 58: What is meant by “attainment of obesity”?

Line 90-91: The sentence “different levels of statistical evidence so far” does not make sense. Are you trying to say that there is no consensus if e-cigs are better or worse than traditional cigarettes? There needs to more clarity.

Lines 105-111: This paragraph does not make sense. It makes it seem as if Covid-19 will be looked at under the review but it is not. It is like a red herring. For the introduction, try to only mention topics that will be included into the review.

Line 116: Specify if it is primary or experimental studies.

Figure 1: The authors should look at the PRISMA diagram (http://www.prisma-statement.org/?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1) when reporting the results of the search. This is a standard that is used by many reviews. The authors also look at the other recommendations given by the Cochrane reviews such as the number of reviewers that conducted the search, that screened the papers, etc..

Lines 131-137: Although the paragraph is appreciated, this is not the place for it. It should be moved to the discussion. The “Results” is only for the reporting of findings, not implications or rationale.

Line 155: Refrain from referring to studies as “larger study”. Be specific when talking about the studies.

Line 177: Describe which type of diabetes the studies talk about as there may be different implications.

Line 183: Again refrain from referring to studies as “larger study”.

Line 187: The term “respectively” should come after the second term being described.

Line 270: Similar to the other paragraphs, include a sentence that describes how many studies were found that talk about metabolic syndrome and e-cigs

Discussion: The discussion would be better to understand if it follows the same description as was used in the results. That is, the Discussion talks about prediabetes, followed by Diabetes mellitus, etc..

Comments on the Quality of English Language

The use of the English language is very good. Some minor revisions but otherwise, it is very good.

Author Response

Response to Review 1 Comments

Dear Reviewer,

Thank you very much for your time and your effort to review our manuscript.

We are very grateful for providing your valuable feedback on the article.

Here is our response and related amendment that has been made in the manuscript according to your review (marked in yellow color).

Thank you very much. We specified these data according to your recommendations.

“We included original (clinical) studies and excluded case reports, reviews, and editorials, and experimental studies.”

“……..(n=22). (Figure 1)….”

Thank you.

Line 53: Again, be specific if it type-1 or type-2 diabetes.

Thank you very much. We specified this important aspect at Results section, as well as Abstract.

“A total of three studies addressed the issue of type 2 diabetes and e-cig. Of note, all the data we found only included this type of diabetes which is a typical component in patients with various metabolic anomalies.”

Thank you.

Line 58: What is meant by “attainment of obesity”?

Thank you very much. We corrected it (“assessment”). Thank you.

Thank you very much. “Different levels of statistical evidence” (https://libguides.winona.edu/ebptoolkit/Levels-Evidence) means that some data are supported by less powerful studies (from a statistical perspective), other data are still incompletely supported by well-designed studies, while other aspects are supported by meta-analysis (particularly involving respiratory and cardiovascular issues in e-cig users).

Moreover, these various studies (underlying “different levels of statistical evidence”) did not support the idea of being completely safe, thus, while still representing an alternative to the traditional smoking (and well known side effects), e-cig are not completely harmless as far as we know at this moment.

Thank you.

Thank you. We mentioned the recent COVID-19 pandemic for the following aspects:

Recent data showed an increase of e-cig use amid COVID-19 pandemic regulations (such as isolation, outdoor activities restrictions, reduced of social activities, etc.)
During COVID-19 pandemic, the presentation at emergency room, especially for young patients, required a rapid differential diagnosis between a severe viral infection and EVALI or VALI.
Considering these general medical and social aspects that we briefly mentioned, we respectfully consider that it is essential to frame our research with respect to recent pandemic in order to highlight the importance of addressing this topic despite the fact that we choose an endocrine and metabolic perspective.

Thank you.

Line 116: Specify if it is primary or experimental studies.

Thank you very much. We already addressed this point. Thank you.

Thank you very much. PRISMA stands for “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses” (http://prisma-statement.org/prismastatement/flowdiagram.aspx) and Cochrane Review is a systematic review of research in health (https://www.cochranelibrary.com/about/about-cochrane-reviews) and this is a narrative review, not a systematic one. Due to the heterogeneity of the spectrum of e-cig and endocrine/metabolic aspects, we choose to introduce the data as a narrative review since various levels of statistical evidence are identified in mentioned papers. On the other hand, a systematic review pinpoints a specific critical assessment which in this particular matter remains rather limited so far.

However, this type of review (namely, narrative) is a well-recognized, standard, traditional approach which is suitable for topics with less generous publications so far such as an endocrine update of e-cig. This allowed us to examine and evaluate the scientific panel on this specific topic in a useful way for various practitioners.

We mentioned at Discussion the aspect of this research and this paper approach.

“As limits of the current work we mention the narrative review type”

With respect to each author’ contribution to the research for this paper, the specific MDPI section at the end of the article included the authors’ initials and their work.

Thank you.

Thank you very much. We moved it according to your suggestion. Thank you.

Line 155: Refrain from referring to studies as “larger study”. Be specific when talking about the studies.

Thank you very much. We correct it. Thank you.

Line 177: Describe which type of diabetes the studies talk about as there may be different implications.

Thank you very much. We researched “diabetes”, but the only data we could find were on type 2 diabetes and we prior mentioned this aspect. Thank you.

Line 183: Again refrain from referring to studies as “larger study”.

Thank you very much. We correct it. Thank you.

Line 187: The term “respectively” should come after the second term being described.

Thank you very much. We correct it. Thank you.

Line 270: Similar to the other paragraphs, include a sentence that describes how many studies were found that talk about metabolic syndrome and e-cigs.

Thank you very much. We specified the number.

“3.1.4. Metabolic syndrome

Among the two studies addressing the metabolic syndrome in e-cig,…”

Thank you.

Thank you very much. We introduced the following sections at Discussion:

4.1. E-cig: is it time for taking into consideration a new of endocrine disruptor?

4.2. E-cig and data with regard to prediabetes and diabetes

4.3. E-cig users and obesity

4.3. Metabolic syndrome among e-cig users

4.4. Fertility profile regarding e-cig

4.5. Thyroid assessment in subjects using e-cig

4.6. Bone status, including peak bone mass, in teenagers and young adults using e-cig

4.7. Cannabinoid receptors

4.8. Further expansion of e-cig – related endocrine researches

Thank you.

The use of the English language is very good. Some minor revisions but otherwise, it is very good.

Thank you very much. We reviewed the language. Thank you.

Thank you very much.

Author Response File: Author Response.docx

Reviewer 2 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

Although it is a review article, the authors should drive the conclusion with cited studies to provide current reports on the associations between e-cigarettes and endocrine diseases. The abstract was too long and the contents/expressions in the tables were not unified. Most of the text was written quite complicated. Thus, it is not easy to follow the manuscript and difficult to conclude the effects of e-cigarettes on endocrine diseases.

Minor: N3 and N3 in the study design of Kim 2022, Table 1, should be separated in different lines.

Comments on the Quality of English Language

Lines 78-77 should be separated. I doubt the authors missed the full stop (.) after".,,, determined'

Author Response

Response to Review 2 Comments

Dear Reviewer,

Thank you very much for your time and your effort to review our manuscript.

We are very grateful for your insightful comments and observations, also, for providing your valuable feedback on the article.

Here is a point-by-point response and related amendments that have been made in the manuscript according to your review (marked in yellow color).

Although it is a review article, the authors should drive the conclusion with cited studies to provide current reports on the associations between e-cigarettes and endocrine diseases.

Thank you. We expanded the Conclusion section according to your recommendation. Thank you

“Overall, the most important metabolic highlights within the mentioned studies showed that among dual smokers there is a 1.57-fold prediabetes increase compare to those never smoking, with an increased prevalence of 10.2% (dual) versus 5.9% (e-cig-only). Current non-smokers who have been dual smokers still have an increased odd of prediabetes (a 1.27-fold risk increase). A lower prevalence of type 2 diabetes among dual users (3.3%) versus cigarette smoking (5.9%) was identified. One study found that e-cig use was associated with obesity in general population; another showed that obesity had a higher prevalence in dual smokers (51%) versus cig-only (41.2%, p<0.05), while another found that females (not males) e-cig smokers had higher body mass index. Data on metabolic syndrome are provided for dual smokers: one case-control study found that female dual smoking (not males) had higher odds of this syndrome than non-smokers. The need for awareness with respect to potential e-cigarette – associated medical issues should be part of modern medicine, including daily anamnesis. Whether metabolic/endocrine frame is part of this general picture is yet to be determined Surveillance protocols should help the clinicians to easily access the medical background of one subject, including this specific matter of electronic cigarettes with/without conventional cigarettes smoking and other habits/lifestyle elements, especially when taken into consideration metabolism anomalies.”

The abstract was too long and the contents/expressions in the tables were not unified.

Thank you. We reduced the abstract and corrected it.

“Our objective was to overview recent data on metabolic/endocrine disorders with respect to e-cigarette use. This is a narrative review; we researched English, full-length original articles on PubMed (between January 2020 andAugust 2023) by using different keywords in the area of metabolic/endocrine issues. We only included original clinical studies (n=22) and excluded case reports, and experimental studies. 3 studies (N1=22,385; N2=600,046; N3=5101) addressed prediabetes risk; N1 showed a 1.57-fold increase risk of dual vs. never smokers, a higher risk that was not confirmed in N2 study (based on self-reported assessments). Current non-smokers (N1) who have been dual smokers still have an increased odd of prediabetes (a 1.27-fold risk increase). N3 and another 2 studies addressed type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM): a lower prevalence of DM among dual users (3.3%) vs. cigarette smoking (5.9%) was identified. 6 studies investigated obesity profile (4 of them found certain correlations with e-cig use). One study (N4=373,781) showed that e-cig use was associated with obesity in the general population (OR=1.6, 95%CI:1.3–2.1, p=0.0007); another (N5=7505, 0.82% were e-cig-only) showed that obesity had a higher prevalence in dual smokers (51%) vs. cig-only (41.2%, p<0.05), while another (N6=3055) found that females (not males) e-cig smokers had higher body mass index vs. non-smokers. Data on metabolic syndrome (MS) are provided for dual smokers (n=2): one case-control study found that female dual smoking (not males) had higher odds of MS than non-smokers. The need for awareness with respect to potential e-cig – associated medical issues should be part of modern medicine, including daily anamnesis. Whether metabolic/endocrine frame is part of the general picture is yet to be determined. Surveillance protocols should help the clinicians to easily access the medical background of one subject, including this specific matter of e-cig with/without conventional cigarettes smoking and other habits/lifestyle elements, especially when taken into consideration metabolism anomalies”

Thank you

Most of the text was written quite complicated. Thus, it is not easy to follow the manuscript and difficult to conclude the effects of e-cigarettes on endocrine diseases.

Thank you. We introduced new subsections at Results and Discussion section according to your recommendations.

We introduced the sections 3.2.1. (3.2.1.A. and 3.2.1.B) and 3.2.2. for Results section, as following:

3.2.1. Potential fertility issues

3.2.1. A. Female fertility

3.2.1. B. Male fertility

3.2.2. EVALI and the use of systemic steroids

Moreover, we introduced the following sections at Discussion:

4.1. E-cig: is it time for taking into consideration a new of endocrine disruptor?

4.2. E-cig and data with regard to prediabetes and diabetes

4.3. E-cig users and obesity

4.3. Metabolic syndrome among e-cig users

4.4. Fertility profile regarding e-cig

4.5. Thyroid assessment in subjects using e-cig

4.6. Bone status, including peak bone mass, in teenagers and young adults using e-cig

4.7. Cannabinoid receptors

4.8. Further expansion of e-cig – related endocrine researches

Thank you.

Minor: N3 and N3 in the study design of Kim 2022, Table 1, should be separated in different lines.

Thank you very much. We correct it. Thank you.

Lines 78-77 should be separated. I doubt the authors missed the full stop (.) after".,,, determined'

Thank you very much. We correct it. Thank you.

Thank you very much,

Author Response File: Author Response.docx

Reviewer 3 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

The manuscript's subject is interesting, as e-cigarettes have gained a great popularity, especially among young people, and their health impact is not yet fully understood.

I have some observations/suggestions for the authors:

- I noticed some language/typing mistakes;

- The abstract section is too long; the authors should reorganize the text and emphasize the main ideas;

- Line 93 - metabolic interferences, particularly in patients with increased body mass index (BMI) were identified – reference needed;

- I suggest adding some extra information in the diagram presenting the design of the study (for example, the records removed before screening are duplicates?; give examples of some exclusion criteria other than the duplicates);

- Line 160 - One factor that might have influenced the difference in prevalence is the less precise method of prediabetes diagnosis used – please elaborate;

- I found another study about the connection between e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes and prediabetes, diabetes, or insulin resistance that could be included for discussion in the present paper;

Jiahui Cai, Aurelian Bidulescu, The association between e-cigarette use or dual use of e-cigarette and combustible cigarette and prediabetes, diabetes, or insulin resistance: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Volume 251, 2023, 110948, ISSN 0376-8716, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110948. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871623011869).

- In the Discussion section, the data could be arranged respecting the same order as in the Results section – diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, fertility…, and, also, the addition of subtitles could be useful.

Author Response

Response to Review 3 Comments

Dear Reviewer,

Thank you very much for your time and your effort to review our manuscript.

We are very grateful for your insightful comments and observations, also, for providing your valuable feedback on the article.

Here is a point-by-point response and related amendments that have been made in the manuscript according to your review (marked in yellow color).

The manuscript's subject is interesting, as e-cigarettes have gained a great popularity, especially among young people, and their health impact is not yet fully understood.

Thank you very much. We really appreciate it!

I have some observations/suggestions for the authors:

Thank you very much. We followed each of them. Thank you.

I noticed some language/typing mistakes;

Thank you very much. We revisited the text. Thank you

The abstract section is too long; the authors should reorganize the text and emphasize the main ideas.

Thank you very much. We reduced the length of the abstract and reorganized the text.

We introduced the sections 3.2.1. (3.2.1.A. and 3.2.1.B) and 3.2.2. for Results section, as following:

3.2.1. Potential fertility issues

3.2.1. A. Female fertility

3.2.1. B. Male fertility

3.2.2. EVALI and the use of systemic steroids

Moreover, we introduced new sections at Discussion, as following:

4.1. E-cig: is it time for taking into consideration a new of endocrine disruptor?

4.2. E-cig and data with regard to prediabetes and diabetes

4.3. E-cig users and obesity

4.3. Metabolic syndrome among e-cig users

4.4. Fertility profile regarding e-cig

4.5. Thyroid assessment in subjects using e-cig

4.6. Bone status, including peak bone mass, in teenagers and young adults using e-cig

4.7. Cannabinoid receptors

4.8. Further expansion of e-cig – related endocrine researches

Thank you

Line 93 - metabolic interferences, particularly in patients with increased body mass index (BMI) were identified – reference needed;

Thank you very much. We correct it. Thank you

I suggest adding some extra information in the diagram presenting the design of the study (for example, the records removed before screening are duplicates?; give examples of some exclusion criteria other than the duplicates).

Thank you very much. We corrected and expanded the flowchart diagram. Thank you.

Line 160 - One factor that might have influenced the difference in prevalence is the less precise method of prediabetes diagnosis used – please elaborate.

Thank you very much. We provided more details with respect to the mentioned statement.

“One factor that might have influenced the difference in prevalence is the less precise method of prediabetes diagnosis used by Zhang et al. [14], meaning the fact that the prevalence of prediabetes was established upon asking the subjects if a doctor previously informed each of them as having the diagnosis of “prediabetes” or “borderline diabetes” [14].

Thank you

I found another study about the connection between e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes and prediabetes, diabetes, or insulin resistance that could be included for discussion in the present paper: Jiahui Cai, Aurelian Bidulescu, The association between e-cigarette use or dual use of e-cigarette and combustible cigarette and prediabetes, diabetes, or insulin resistance: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Volume 251, 2023, 110948, ISSN 0376-8716, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110948. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871623011869).

Thank you very much. We introduced this study, as well, according to your recommendation.

We introduced the mentioned reference accordingly:

Cai J, Bidulescu A. The association between e-cigarette use or dual use of e-cigarette and combustible cigarette and prediabetes, diabetes, or insulin resistance: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).Drug Alcohol Depend. 2023;251:110948. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110948.

We updated the tables at prediabetes and diabetes sections.

First author

Year of publication

Reference

number

Study design and population

Key findings

Prediabetes

Cai

2023

[5]

Cross-sectional study (NHANES) *

N=5101 adults from U.S.

N1=6.3% current e-cig users

N2=17.1% former e-cig users

E-cig use was not correlated with prediabetes (p>0.05) – fully adjusted model

No correlation between dual use and prediabetes (p>0.05)

Diabetes mellitus

Cai

2023

[5]

*

E-cig use was not correlated with diabetes (p>0.05) – fully adjusted model

No correlation between dual use and diabetes (p>0.05)

No correlation between dual use and insulin resistance (p>0.05)

N1 were 63% (95%CI:1-2.91) more likely to have higher HOMA-IR than never e-cig users

N2 were 64% (95%CI:1.04-2.59) more likely to have higher HOMA-IR than never e-cig users

We also extended the data from Results, Discussion and Abstract sections according to this new input, for instance:

“According to our methods, we identified three studies to address the issue of e-cigarettes and prediabetes, all of them having a group with dual e-cigarettes users and two included a specific subgroup with e-cigarette only smoking [5,13,14]”

“On the other hand, the third study conducted by Cai et al. [5] did not find a clear correlation between e-cig and prediabetes [5].”

“As mentioned the study of Cai et al. looked at the diabetes risk, as well; an e-cig used were more likely to present a increased index of insulin resistance (particularly, HOMA-IR) than the persons who were never e-cig users [5].

“…..probably the assessment of insulin resistance might provide additional clues of diabetes risk”..

In the Discussion section, the data could be arranged respecting the same order as in the Results section – diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, fertility…, and, also, the addition of subtitles could be useful.

Thank you very much. We introduced these sections at Discussion chapter:

4.1. E-cig: is it time for taking into consideration a new of endocrine disruptor?

4.2. E-cig and data with regard to prediabetes and diabetes

4.3. E-cig users and obesity

4.3. Metabolic syndrome among e-cig users

4.4. Fertility profile regarding e-cig

4.5. Thyroid assessment in subjects using e-cig

4.6. Bone status, including peak bone mass, in teenagers and young adults using e-cig

4.7. Cannabinoid receptors

4.8. Further expansion of e-cig – related endocrine researches

Thank you.

Thank you very much,

Author Response File: Author Response.docx

Round 2

Reviewer 1 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

Line 52: What does “certain correlations” mean? Just say correlations or provide the exact direction (i.e. positive or negative or no)

Line 53+54: Try to stick to the same reporting convention for p-value. If you give the exact p-value, do that for all the studies mentioned. Or if you only give p<0.05, then stick to that. Otherwise, it may confuse the reader why you keep switching between them.

Line 85: You can say “unexpected negative effects on health”

Methods: It would good if the authors can provide a rationale as to why they chose to only look at the dates of January 2020 to August 2023. It may seem obvious because these are the years when Covid occurred but 10 years from now, that information may be not be as readily known or remembered.

Figure 1: The calculations for the studies included is wrong. When you subtract “Records screened” from “Records excluded”, you get 2, not 22. The authors should go back and review their notes to see where the missing 4 papers are from or check their values again.

Lines 461-470: It makes more sense to move these sentences to section 4.4 where the effects of e-cig and fertility are talked about at.

Section 4.7- I am confused as to the point of the paragraph. It starts out with the cannabinoid receptors but then ventures into immune responses without ever going back to cannabinoid receptors.

Author Response

Response to Review 1 Comments – Second Round

Dear Reviewer,

Thank you very much for your time and your effort to review our manuscript for the second round.

We are very grateful for providing your valuable feedback on the article.

Here is our response and related amendment that has been made in the manuscript according to your review (marked in green color).

Line 52: What does “certain correlations” mean? Just say correlations or provide the exact direction (i.e. positive or negative or no).

Thank you very much. We corrected it (“positive”). Thank you

Thank you very much. We corrected it (“p<0.05”). Thank you

Line 85: You can say “unexpected negative effects on health”.

Thank you very much. We corrected it based on your recommendation. Thank you

Thank you very much. We added this information according to your recommendation.

“The rational of choosing this specific time frame is related to the recent COVID-19 pandemic and associated regulations such as isolation, outdoor activities restrictions, reduced of social activities that seemed to be associated with an increase use of e-cig; also, the presentation at emergency room amid pandemic, especially for young patients, required a rapid differential diagnosis between a severe viral infection and EVALI or VALI [7].”

Thank you

Thank you very much. We corrected it (“51” instead of “47”). Thank you

Lines 461-470: It makes more sense to move these sentences to section 4.4 where the effects of e-cig and fertility are talked about at.

Thank you very much. We moved that specific lines to the section 4.4. according to your suggestion. Thank you

Section 4.7- I am confused as to the point of the paragraph. It starts out with the cannabinoid receptors but then ventures into immune responses without ever going back to cannabinoid receptors.

Thank you very much. This aspect was mentioned as another topic that is less understood in this specific matter of e-cig use and potential negative side effects with respect to the metabolic and endocrine aspects. We corrected the section by introducing the followings:

“Whether the crossroads with cannabinoid system and catecholamines status are essential players in metabolic and endocrine side effects of e-cig is still a matter of further studies. Other aspects are yet to be understood. For instance, we mention an interesting aspect that is also less clear nowadays: an acute hypersensitivity reaction was suspected to inhale antigen on a 16-year-old female who was confirmed with idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia after she used e-cigarettes for 1 year (tetrahydrocannabinol cartridge) thus suggesting potential (antigen – induced) autoimmune effects [99].

Thank you

Thank you very much.

Author Response File: Author Response.docx

Reviewer 3 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

The authors did a good job revising the manuscript. I have no further comments or questions.

Author Response

Response to Review 3 Comments

Dear Reviewer,

Thank you very much for your time and your effort to review our manuscript.

We are very grateful for your insightful comments and observations, also, for providing your valuable feedback on the article.

The authors did a good job revising the manuscript. I have no further comments or questions.

Thank you very much. We really appreciate it!

Author Response File: Author Response.docx

Round 3

Reviewer 1 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

If possible, the authors should provide a list of the included and excluded studies in an Excel file.

Narrative reviews are very important as many may read them to understand the direction a field is heading in and is generally seen as a summary of recent findings in that field. Being able to see what studies were excluded and why would be great to show scientific rigor and transparency.

Author Response

Review report – reviewer number 2 – third round

If possible, the authors should provide a list of the included and excluded studies in an Excel file.

Dear Reviewer number 2,

Thank you for the third round of review.

We introduced the list as followings – the first 22 lines represent the included articles as specified in main text and tables of the original text (in red); the other lines up to the line number 192 represent the excluded papers.

This is an Excel list as you requested, however, the MDPI format allows us only a word or .pdf file – we attach this prove which is a Print Screen of the system.

We attach the list.

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

The authors

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Hoover LV, Yu HP, Cummings JR, Ferguson SG, Gearhardt AN. Co-occurrence of food addiction, obesity, problematic substance use, and parental history of problematic alcohol use. Psychol Addict Behav. 2022. doi:10.1037/adb0000870.

Alqahtani MM, Alanazi AMM, Almutairi AS, Pavela G. Electronic cigarette use is negatively associated with body mass index: An observational study of electronic medical records. Obes Sci Pract. 2020;7(2):226-231. doi:10.1002/osp4.468.

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Metabolic and Other Endocrine Elements with Regard to Lifestyle Choices: Focus on E-Cigarettes

Cross-sectional study (NHANES) *

N=5101 adults from U.S.

N1=6.3% current e-cig users

N2=17.1% former e-cig users

*

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