The comments written by R. Otter et al., a consortium of toxicologists employed by the chemical industry, are essentially oriented towards three main themes to which we propose to provide some answers:
1. Description of the Care Management of the Patients Included in the Armed® Study (Type and Frequency of Procedures, Composition of Medical Devices)
The medical procedures used in the NICU of Clermont-Ferrand and Lille are those usually applied in neonatal intensive care units. The medical devices (MDs) used include respiratory assistance MDs (tracheal tubes, ventilation circuits, masks, etc.), infusion and parenteral nutrition MDs (umbilical and peripherally inserted central line, catheters, infusors, extension tubings, etc.), enteral nutrition (feeding tubes, tubings) and transfusion. Many of these MDs are made of plasticized PVC. The use of these MDs and the rhythm of their replacement varies depending on a patient’s condition.
In the context of our article, we wanted to carry out an overall assessment of patient exposure, without focusing on individual situations or kinetic monitoring. We therefore presented the exposure results by plasticizer and by type of treatment. For this purpose, we calculated an exposure dose based on various elements such as the plasticizer composition of each MD, its dimensions (contact surface with the fluid conveyed), the duration of the exposure, etc.
The precise listing of all these factors does not seem essential to a good understanding of the study, does not bring any added value and would considerably burden down the manuscript.
2. Questioning the Exposure Doses Calculated with the Fick Model, in Particular the Estimated Doses for Respiratory Assistance MDs
R. Otter et al. believes that our model is unreliable, and they provide references related to other diffusion models. The proposed references are related to gas-phase diffusion models studied the migration of DINP and DINCH. However, these plasticizers are not those contained in our respiratory assistance MDs, which are plasticized with DEHP. There are several publications presenting the diffusion of DEHP from PVC to gases [,,,,,]. We relied on these scientific publications to apply a corrective factor to our Fick model for the MDs concerned (see page 13 of the article). Our estimation of the exposure to DEHP via respiratory assistance MDs is admittedly open to criticism, but is based on more appropriate scientific arguments than those proposed by R. Otter et al.
3. Risk Estimation Related to Plasticizers Contained in MDs
We will let industrial toxicologists take responsibility for what they say about the toxicity of plasticizers, especially DEHP, and the potential risk to children they could cause. We simply wish to insist on the value of biomonitoring studies for estimating the exposure risk of individuals in real situations. We nevertheless take note of the arguments of R. Otter et al. to put the plasticizers’ toxicity into perspective.
From our point of view as clinicians, only through the multiplication of biomonitoring studies is possible to judge the consistency of results. However, it is an indisputable fact that the first 1000 days of life represent a critical period during which neonates and children are particularly vulnerable to exposure to low doses of endocrine-disrupting substances, and the consequences can be serious [,,,,]. It is therefore important to continue to assess the exposure of patients, particularly premature babies in intensive care units who are highly exposed to potential toxic compounds leaching from medical devices.
Field studies such as the Armed® study are essential to enrich knowledge on the subject and provide all the elements aimed at securing the therapeutic care of patients. We believe that progress is still to be made to improve the quality of medical devices and to eliminate the presence of any compound that may present the slightest risk of being an endocrine disruptor.
Author Contributions
For this comment: writing—original draft preparation, V.S.; writing—review and editing, all authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research (Armed project, Assessment and risk management of medical devices in plasticized polyvinyl chloride) was funded by the French Medicine Agency (ANSM, Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé), “tgrant number AAPR 2012-P9” and “The APC was funded by the University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand”.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to the misuse of data dissemination that can be made regarding the plasticizer composition of the various medical devices.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the collaborators of the ARMED study group in its task 5 “Biomonitoring”, Juliette Berger and Marc Berger from center 1 and Patrick Geléfrom center 2 for their technical support for the urinary samples’ management, the nurses, and particularly Marguerite Burtin, Amélie Gomet, Elise Kitoula, Nathalie Lenoble, and Varlane Ponsonnaille, and the pharmacy students of center 1 and center 2, for their considerable involvement in the project.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- Demir, A.P.T.; Ulutan, S. Migration of phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers out of plasticized PVC films into air. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2012, 128, 1948–1961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, B.; Wang, Z.W.; Lin, Q.B.; Hu, C.Y. Study of the Migration of Stabilizer and Plasticizer from Polyethylene Terephthalate into Food Simulants. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2016, 54, 939–951. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Takehisa, H.; Naoko, E.; Masahiko, S.; Katsuhide, T.; Moriyuki, O.; Keizoh, S.; Mutsuko, T.; Kenji, K.; Shin’Ichiro, N.; Toshio, O. Release behavior of diethylhexyl phthalate from the polyvinyl-chloride tubing used for intravenous administration and the plasticized PVC membrane. Int. J. Pharm. 2005, 297, 30–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yuan, H.; Hao, Q.; Su, R.; Qi, W.; He, Z. Migration of phthalates from polyvinyl chloride film to fatty food simulants: Experimentalstudies and model application. J. Consum. Prot. Food Saf. 2019, 15, 135–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J.; Kim, S.; Lee, C.; Nah, J.; Hahn, A. DEHP Migration Behavior from Excessively Plasticized PVC Sheets. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 345–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bouattour, Y.; Wasiak, M.; Bernard, L.; Pinguet, J.; Richard, D.; Le Rouzo-Grèves, M.; Dhifallah, I.; Lambert, C.; Pereira, B.; Chennell, P.; et al. Quantification of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate released by medical devices during respiratory assistance and estimation of patient exposure. Chemosphere 2020, 255, 126978. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gore, A.C.; Chappell, V.A.; Fenton, S.E.; Flaws, J.A.; Nadal, A.; Prins, G.S.; Toppari, J.; Zoeller, R.T. EDC-2: The Endocrine Society’s Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Endocr. Rev. 2015, 36, E1–E150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barouki, R.; Gluckman, P.D.; Grandjean, P.; Hanson, M.; Heindel, J.J. Developmental origins of non-communicable disease: Implications for research and public health. Environ. Health 2012, 11, 42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Braun, J.M. Early-life exposure to EDCs: Role in childhood obesity and neurodevelopment. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2017, 13, 161–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lucaccioni, L.; Trevisani, V.; Passini, E.; Righi, B.; Plessi, C.; Predieri, B.; Iughetti, L. Perinatal Exposure to Phthalates: From Endocrine to Neurodevelopment Effects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 4063. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rivollier, F.; Krebs, M.O.; Kebir, O. Perinatal Exposure to Environmental Endocrine Disruptors in the Emergence of Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Diseases: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).