Broadband Connectivity, Government Policies, and Open Innovation: The Crucial IT Infrastructure Contribution in Scotland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Broadband Connectivity
1.2. Government Policies
1.3. Research Framework
1.3.1. Possible Frameworks for Broadband Connectivity and Government Policies
1.3.2. Open Innovation Framework
1.3.3. Research Questions
2. Materials and Methods
3. Historical Review and Policy Analysis
3.1. Policies and Strategies, Projects and Programs from 2006 to 2010
3.1.1. 2006
3.1.2. 2007
3.1.3. 2010
3.2. Policies and Strategies, Projects and Programs from 2011 to 2016
3.2.1. 2011
3.2.2. 2012
3.2.3. 2013
3.2.4. 2015
3.2.5. 2016
3.3. Policies and Strategies, Projects and Programs from 2017 onwards
3.3.1. 2017
3.3.2. 2018
3.3.3. 2019
3.3.4. 2020
3.3.5. 2021
3.4. Conflicting Progress Reports on Broadband Roll out between English and Scottish Governments
4. Policy Analysis
4.1. Government Policies
4.2. Innovative Companies in Scotland
5. Open Innovation in Scotland
6. Government Policy, IT Infrastructure, and Open Innovation
- (a)
- Ensure that, by imposing specific investment obligations on the concessionaire (network coverage), an essential service such as the telephone connection was deployed even where there was no market convenience to create the infrastructure (universal service, as in the case of the electricity network);
- (b)
- Avoid the risk of inefficient duplication of investments in the construction of an infrastructural network that was essentially a natural monopoly (such as rail, road, and electricity networks);
- (c)
- Facilitate the mobilisation of the significant long-term capital (equity and debt) necessary for the construction of an infrastructure that would have guaranteed a return on the investments only after its construction, and would have allowed the cost of the investment to be depreciated only in the long term (and provided that it is used by a high percentage of potential end-users reached by the infrastructure network);
- (d)
- Use the technical and organizational skills of companies, public or private, which traditional administrative systems (public bureaucracies) often did not have.
7. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Time-Period for Policy Analysis | Reason Behind Time-Period |
---|---|
2006–2010 | SSI policy led to broadband availability in over 98% of Scotland from 2006 onwards. |
2011–2016 | Scotland’s Digital Future: A Strategy for Scotland policy created in 2011. |
2017–onwards | Realising Scotland’s full potential in a digital world: a digital strategy for Scotland policy created in 2017. |
Google Scholar Input Words | Time-Period | Scottish Policy | Sources |
---|---|---|---|
Policy on improving broadband infrastructure in Scotland | 2006–2009 | SSI policy | [36,51,61] |
Policy on improving broadband accessibility in Scotland | 2010–2016 | A Digital Ambition for Scotland | [71] |
Policy on improving broadband use in rural Scotland | 2011–2016 | Scotland’s Digital Future: A Strategy for Scotland | [67,77] |
Government policy on improving broadband use in rural Scotland | 2017 | Realising Scotland’s full potential in a digital world: a digital strategy for Scotland | [38,88,92] |
Government policy on improving broadband access and use in rural Scotland | 2018 | Ultra-fast broadband policy | [63,68,103,104] |
Government policy on improving broadband access and use in rural Scotland | 2019 | Rural Gigabit Connectivity (RGC) programme | [101] |
Government policy on improving broadband access and use in rural Scotland | 2020 | Broadband Universal Service Initiative | [101] |
Time-Period | European Policy | Scottish Policy | Projects |
---|---|---|---|
2006–2009 | S.S.I. policy | B.T.O. established | |
2010–2016 | A Digital Ambition for Scotland | ||
2011–2016 | Basic broadband for all citizens by 2013 | Scotland’s Digital Future: A Strategy for Scotland | 2020 plan DSSB Highlands and Islands Rest of Scotland U.S.O. Mobile Action Plan CBS. |
2016 | Connectivity for a European Gigabit Society | ||
2017 | Coverage of Next Generation Networks (NGN): 30 mbps or more for all citizens by 2020 | Realising Scotland’s full potential in a digital world: a digital strategy for Scotland | DSSB FTTP R100 Balquhidder project Choose Digital First S4GI |
2017 | Use of Next Generation Networks (NGN): 100 Mbps or more by 50% of households by 2020 | ||
2018 | Ultra-fast broadband policy | Fibre to the Premises (FTTP) programme | |
2019 | Rural Gigabit Connectivity (RGC) programme | Gigabit Voucher Scheme | |
2020 | Broadband Universal Service Initiative |
Bardach’s Pathway Steps | Explanation |
---|---|
Define the problem | A minimum of 512 kbps broadband was made available to 99% of Scotland in December 2005. However, the guaranteed 512 kbps is insufficient for rural businesses in running daily operations. |
Assemble some evidence | Policy documents from January 2006 to Current (May 2021) were reviewed to identify steps taken by the Government to improve broadband connectivity in remote-rural Scotland, e.g., has the minimum guaranteed speed improved from 512 kbps since December 2005. |
Construct the alternatives | Various policies have been created and initiated to improve broadband connectivity in remote-rural Scotland, reviewed in Table 2. |
Select the criteria | Policies created and initiated during January 2006–Current (May 2021). Additionally, the policies covered connectivity in remote-rural Scotland. |
Project the outcomes | All policies (in Table 2) have outlined projected targets and outcomes regarding when faster broadband will be offered in Scotland (including remote-rural Scotland), e.g., the Scottish Government in the ‘Realising Scotland’s full potential in a digital world: a digital strategy for Scotland’ policy in 2017 reported a target of superfast broadband (30 Mbps) being delivered to a minimum of 43% of Scottish rural premises and providing an average speed of 15 Mbps in rural Scotland by 2021 [39,63]. |
Confront the trade-offs | Through EU, UK, and Scottish policies, Scotland has reported a significant improvement in broadband connectivity. However, no direct policy focuses on improving broadband adoption/use in remote-rural Scotland. Additionally, the Scottish and UK governments are giving conflicting reports on Scotland’s rollout of broadband progress. |
Decide | The UK and Scottish Governments need to agree on facts associated with the progress made on broadband connectivity in remote-rural Scotland before reports on broadband upgrade delivery are released to the public. |
Tell your story | The emergence of the three themes, which involve no policy or project focusing on broadband adoption/use, along with the confusion on progress made by the Scottish Government regarding improving broadband connectivity and quality, highlights the requirement of Research to gain further clarification on these areas. |
Theme | Theme 1 | Theme 2 | Theme 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Explanation | No policies exclusively focusing on improving broadband adoption/use in rural Scotland. | The Scottish Government focuses less on improving broadband coverage in the latest policy (e.g., Realising Scotland’s full potential in a digital world: a digital strategy for Scotland and Digital Charter policies). The focus of the Government has changed to the direction of promoting digital connectivity amongst the Scottish population. | Conflicting information between the UK and Scottish Governments regarding the progress of the delivery of improved broadband (e.g., connectivity, consistency, and average speeds) in remote-rural Scotland. |
Problem | Problem 1 | Problem 2 | Problem 3 |
Explanation | Lack of broadband adoption/use in rural communities can create a further digital divide between rural and urban communities. | The emergence of new community-led projects to improve broadband in rural Scotland raises questions against the Government’s contentment on broadband connectivity. | This conflict in information regarding rollout progress creates doubt and confusion regarding any progress being made, especially after failed government pledges in the past. |
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Majid Gilani, S.A.; Faccia, A. Broadband Connectivity, Government Policies, and Open Innovation: The Crucial IT Infrastructure Contribution in Scotland. J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex. 2022, 8, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8010001
Majid Gilani SA, Faccia A. Broadband Connectivity, Government Policies, and Open Innovation: The Crucial IT Infrastructure Contribution in Scotland. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity. 2022; 8(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleMajid Gilani, Sayed Abdul, and Alessio Faccia. 2022. "Broadband Connectivity, Government Policies, and Open Innovation: The Crucial IT Infrastructure Contribution in Scotland" Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 8, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8010001
APA StyleMajid Gilani, S. A., & Faccia, A. (2022). Broadband Connectivity, Government Policies, and Open Innovation: The Crucial IT Infrastructure Contribution in Scotland. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8010001