Managers’ Open Innovation and Business Performance in SMEs: A Moderated Mediation Model of Job Crafting and Gender
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background and Hypotheses
2.1. Ambidexterity
2.2. Ambidextrous Behavior in SMEs
2.3. Linking Manager Ambidexterity to SMEs’ Business Performance
2.4. The Mediating Role of Job Crafting
2.5. The Moderating Role of Gender
3. Methodology
3.1. Participants and Procedure
3.2. Measures
3.3. Data Analysis Strategy
4. Results
4.1. Common Method Bias
4.2. Assessment of Instrument Validity
4.3. Descriptive Results
4.4. Structural Model Assessment
4.5. Multi-Group Analysis
5. Discussion: Open Innovation, Job Crafting, Gender and Business Performance
5.1. Practical Implications
5.2. Limitations and Future Directions
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Construct | Items | Mean | S.D. | Standardized Loadings | Cronbach’s Alpha | CR | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exploration | 0.718 | 0.815 | 0.471 | ||||
EX1 | 3.148 | 1.20 | 0.780 | ||||
EX2 | 3.293 | 1.12 | 0.622 | ||||
EX3 | 3.315 | 1.12 | 0.752 | ||||
EX4 | 3.424 | 1.10 | 0.582 | ||||
EX5 | 3.510 | 1.20 | 0.674 | ||||
Exploitation | 0.637 | 0.785 | 0.423 | ||||
EP1 | 3.468 | 1.20 | 0.624 | ||||
EP2 | 3.314 | 1.18 | 0.599 | ||||
EP3 | 3.302 | 1.15 | 0.657 | ||||
EP5 | 3.324 | 1.16 | 0.701 | ||||
EP6 | 3.383 | 1.16 | 0.666 | ||||
Task Crafting | 0.610 | 0.744 | 0.493 | ||||
TC1 | 3.412 | 1.24 | 0.757 | ||||
TC2 | 3.386 | 1.12 | 0.685 | ||||
TC3 | 3.669 | 1.47 | 0.660 | ||||
Relational Crafting | 0.680 | 0.794 | 0.660 | ||||
RC1 | 3.573 | 1.16 | 0.747 | ||||
RC2 | 1.158 | 1.21 | 0.873 | ||||
Cognitive Crafting | 0.637 | 0.786 | 0.479 | ||||
CC1 | 3.512 | 1.18 | 0.703 | ||||
CC2 | 3.595 | 1.20 | 0.666 | ||||
CC3 | 3.353 | 1.22 | 0.649 | ||||
CC4 | 3.410 | 1.15 | 0.748 | ||||
Business Performance | 0.713 | 0.823 | 0.537 | ||||
BP1 | 3.615 | 1.21 | 0.747 | ||||
BP2 | 3.509 | 1.12 | 0.753 | ||||
BP3 | 3.624 | 1.10 | 0.716 | ||||
BP4 | 3.753 | 1.12 | 0.715 |
Sr. No | Constructs | HTMT Correlations | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||
1 | Perceived Business performance | ||||||
2 | Exploration | 0.520 | |||||
3 | Exploitation | 0.512 | 0.633 | ||||
4 | Task Crafting | 0.498 | 0.518 | 0.466 | |||
5 | Relational Crafting | 0.402 | 0.391 | 0.437 | 0.435 | ||
6 | Cognitive Crafting | 0.517 | 0.547 | 0.521 | 0.510 | 0.510 | - |
Constructs | Percentages | ||
---|---|---|---|
Low | Medium | High | |
Task Crafting (TC) | 14.4% | 32.7% | 52.9% |
Relational Crafting (RC) | 10.3% | 25.6% | 64.1% |
Cognitive Crafting (CC) | 11% | 32.2% | 56.8% |
Exploration (EX) | 15.3% | 41.5% | 43.2% |
Exploitation (EP) | 9.8% | 38.5% | 51.7% |
Effects | Estimates | Bootstrapping a | |
---|---|---|---|
Bias Corrected CI 95% | |||
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | ||
Total Effects | |||
EX -> BP | 0.327 ** | 0.227 | 0.425 |
EP -> BP | 0.305 ** | 0.206 | 0.393 |
Direct Effects | |||
EX -> BP | 0.170 ** | 0.112 | 0.208 |
EP -> BP | 0.180 ** | 0.082 | 0.175 |
Specific Indirect Effects | |||
EX -> TC -> BP | 0.073 ** | 0.039 | 0.117 |
EX -> RC -> BP | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.035 |
EX -> CC -> BP | 0.070 ** | 0.033 | 0.110 |
EP -> TC -> BP | 0.045 ** | 0.023 | 0.081 |
EP -> RC -> BP | 0.023 | −0.001 | 0.051 |
EP -> CC -> BP | 0.056 ** | 0.027 | 0.092 |
Specific Indirect Effects | p-Values | Bootstrapping a | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bias Corrected CI 95% | ||||||
Lower | Upper | |||||
Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | |
EX -> TC -> BP | 0.657 | 0.00 ** | −0.018 | 0.042 | 0.079 | 0.140 |
EX ->RC -> BP | 0.471 | 0.069 | −0.135 | 0.015 | 0.023 | 0.080 |
EX ->CC -> BP | 0.174 | 0.023 * | −0.010 | 0.012 | 0.235 | 0.099 |
EP -> TC -> BP | 0.295 | 0.009 ** | −0.037 | 0.004 | 0.197 | 0.049 |
EP -> RC -> BP | 0.552 | 0.026 * | 0.103 | 0.008 | 0.018 | 0.070 |
EP -> CC -> BP | 0.055 | 0.028 * | 0.027 | 0.008 | 0.263 | 0.082 |
Hypotheses | Results |
---|---|
Hypothesis 1a: The relationship between EX and BP through TC will be moderated by gender. | Supported |
Hypothesis 1b: The relationship between EX and BP through RC will be moderated by gender. | Not Supported |
Hypothesis 1c: The relationship between EX and BP through CC will be moderated by gender. | Supported |
Hypothesis 2a: The relationship between EP and BP through TC will be moderated by gender. | Supported |
Hypothesis 2b: The relationship between EP and BP through RC will be moderated by gender. | Supported |
Hypothesis 2c: The relationship between EP and BP through CC will be moderated by gender. | Supported |
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Ali, F.H.; Ali, M.; Malik, S.Z.; Hamza, M.A.; Ali, H.F. Managers’ Open Innovation and Business Performance in SMEs: A Moderated Mediation Model of Job Crafting and Gender. J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex. 2020, 6, 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6030089
Ali FH, Ali M, Malik SZ, Hamza MA, Ali HF. Managers’ Open Innovation and Business Performance in SMEs: A Moderated Mediation Model of Job Crafting and Gender. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity. 2020; 6(3):89. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6030089
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli, Fouzia Hadi, Muhammad Ali, Sania Zahra Malik, Muhammad Ali Hamza, and Hafiz Fawad Ali. 2020. "Managers’ Open Innovation and Business Performance in SMEs: A Moderated Mediation Model of Job Crafting and Gender" Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 6, no. 3: 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6030089
APA StyleAli, F. H., Ali, M., Malik, S. Z., Hamza, M. A., & Ali, H. F. (2020). Managers’ Open Innovation and Business Performance in SMEs: A Moderated Mediation Model of Job Crafting and Gender. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(3), 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6030089