A Multi-Pathogen Retrospective Study in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Gastroenteritis
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | All Patients (n = 103) | Group 1 (<5 Years) (n = 59) | Group 2 (≥5 Years) (n = 44) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, median years (IQR) | 3 (1–8) | 1 (1–2) | 9 (6–12.25) | 0.0001 ^ |
Male, n. (%) | 60 (58.25) | 33 (55.9) | 27 (61.36) | 0.5803 ** |
Hospital admission year, n. (%) | ||||
- 2021, n. (%) | 20 (18.69) | 12 (20.34) | 8 (18.18) | |
- 2022, n. (%) | 61 (57.01) | 39 (66.10) | 22 (40.00) | |
- 2023, n. (%) | 26 (24.30) | 8 (13.56) | 14 (31.82) | 0.0782 ** |
Hospital admission season (2021–2023), n. (%) | ||||
- Summer, n. (%) | 37 (35.92) | 20 (33.90) | 17 (38.64) | |
- Autumn, n. (%) | 39 (37.86) | 26 (44.07) | 13 (29.55) | |
- Winter, n. (%) | 19 (18.45) | 10 (16.95) | 9 (20.45) | |
- Spring, n. (%) | 8 (7.77) | 3 (5.08) | 5 (11.36) | 0.3903 ** |
Hospital length of stay in days, median (IQR) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–7) | 0.2762 ^ |
Diagnosis | Group 1 (<5 Years) (n = 59) | Group 2 (≥5 Years) (n = 44) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Method | |||
Coproculture, n. (%) | 4 (6.78) | 1 (4.54) | |
Multiplex PCR, n. (%) | 55 (93.22) | 43 (97.72) | 0.3898 * |
Microbiological pathogen detected | |||
Bacterial infection, n. (%) | 40 (67.80) | 42 (95.45) | 0.0004 * |
C. jejuni, n. (%) | 8 (13.56) | 15 (34.09) | 0.1332 ** |
S. typhi/Paratyphi, n. (%) | 5 (8.47) | 6 (13.64) | 0.4014 ** |
E. coli, n. (%) | 25 (42.37) | 15 (34.09) | 0.3936 ** |
Y. enterocolitica, n. (%) | 1 (1.69) | 1 (2.27) | 1.0000 * |
C. perfringens, n. (%) | 1 (1.69) | 1 (2.27) | 1.0000 * |
Viral infection, n. (%) | 26 (44.07) | 9 (20.45) | 0.0123 ** |
Norovirus, n. (%) | 23 (38.98) | 6 (13.63) | 0.0047 ** |
Rotavirus, n. (%) | 3 (5.08) | 3 (6.81) | 0.6989 * |
Parasitic infection, n. (%) | 3 (5.08) | 5 (11.36) | 0.2820 * |
Cryptosporidium, n. (%) | 3 (5.08) | 4 (9.09) | 0.4567 * |
Giardiasis, n. (%) | 0 (-) | 1 (2.27) | 0.4272 * |
Co-infections, n. (%) | 10 (16.95) | 7 (15.91) | 0.8881 ** |
Hematology and Serum Chemistry Value | Group 1 (<5 Years) (n = 59) | Group 2 (≥5 Years) (n = 44) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Decreased Hematocrit | 22 (37.29) | 17 (38.63) | 0.8890 ** |
Increased Lymphocytes | 22 (37.29) | 27 (61.36) | 0.0155 ** |
Increased Neutrophils | 40 (67.80) | 29 (65.90) | 0.9918 ** |
Increased CRP | 36 (61.02) | 29 (65.90) | 0.3605 ** |
Decreased Sodium | 23 (38.98) | 22 (50.00) | 0.3605 ** |
Decreased Potassium | 9 (15.25) | 3 (6.82) | 0.2274 * |
Increased Creatinine | 20 (33.90) | 4 (8.33) | 0.0000 * |
Increased AST | 3 (5.08) | 0 (-) | 0.2587 * |
Increased ALT | 1 (1.69) | 0 (-) | 1.0000 * |
Increased γ-GT | 0 (-) | 0 (-) | 1.0000 * |
Increased Total bilirubin | 0 (-) | 0 (-) | 1.0000 * |
Mixed Pathogens | All Patients (n = 103) | Group 1 (<5 Years) (n = 59) | Group 2 (≥5 Years) (n = 44) |
---|---|---|---|
Bacterial | |||
E. coli + S. typhi/Paratyphi, n. (%) | 2 (1.94) | 1 (1.69) | 1 (2.27) |
E. coli + C. jejuni, n. (%) | 3 (2.91) | (-) | 3 (6.81) |
Bacterial + viral | |||
E. coli + Norovirus, n. (%) | 6 (5.82) | 5 (0.72) | 1 (2.27) |
C. jejuni + Rotavirus, n. (%) | 1 (0.97) | 1 (1.69) | (-) |
C. jejuni + Norovirus, n. (%) | 1 (0.97) | (-) | 1 (2.27) |
Y. enterocolitica + Rotavirus, n. (%) | 1 (0.97) | 1 (1.69) | (-) |
Bacterial + parasitic | |||
E. coli + Cryptosporidium, n. (%) | 2 (1.94) | 2 (3.39) | (-) |
S. typhi/Paratyphi + Cryptosporidium, n. (%) | 1 (0.97) | (-) | 1 (2.27) |
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Zizza, A.; Guido, M.; Sedile, R.; Benelli, M.; Nuzzo, M.; Paladini, P.; Romano, A.; Grima, P. A Multi-Pathogen Retrospective Study in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Gastroenteritis. Diseases 2024, 12, 213. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12090213
Zizza A, Guido M, Sedile R, Benelli M, Nuzzo M, Paladini P, Romano A, Grima P. A Multi-Pathogen Retrospective Study in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Gastroenteritis. Diseases. 2024; 12(9):213. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12090213
Chicago/Turabian StyleZizza, Antonella, Marcello Guido, Raffaella Sedile, Marzia Benelli, Milva Nuzzo, Pasquale Paladini, Anacleto Romano, and Pierfrancesco Grima. 2024. "A Multi-Pathogen Retrospective Study in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Gastroenteritis" Diseases 12, no. 9: 213. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12090213
APA StyleZizza, A., Guido, M., Sedile, R., Benelli, M., Nuzzo, M., Paladini, P., Romano, A., & Grima, P. (2024). A Multi-Pathogen Retrospective Study in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Gastroenteritis. Diseases, 12(9), 213. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12090213