Gender Differences in Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices toward COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Study Design and Sampling
2.2. Administration of the Questionnaire
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Ethical Approval
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Knowledge of COVID-19
3.3. Attitudes toward COVID-19
3.4. Practices toward COVID-19
3.5. Correlations between the Scores
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Male | Female | Total (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | 171 (53.4) | 149 (46.6) | 320 (100.0) |
Mean Age (±SD) | 27.9 (±10.6) | 26.8 (±9.9) | 27.4 (±10.2) |
Age (year) | |||
Young Adults (18–30 year) | 134 (78.4) | 121 (81.2) | 225 (79.7) |
Middle-aged Adults (31–45 year) | 20 (11.7) | 15 (10.1) | 35 (10.9) |
Old-aged Adults (above 45 year) | 17 (9.9) | 13 (8.7) | 30 (9.4) |
Education | |||
School | 43 (25.1) | 28 (18.8) | 71 (22.2) |
University | 128 (74.9) | 121 (81.2) | 249 (77.8) |
Place of residence | |||
Qassim | 129 (75.4) | 99 (66.4) | 228 (71.3) |
Other | 42 (24.6) | 50 (33.6) | 92 (28.8) |
Occupation | |||
Employed | 50 (29.2) | 21 (14.2) | 71 (22.3) |
Unemployed | 121 (70.8) | 127 (85.8) | 248 (77.7) |
Marital status | |||
Unmarried | 126 (73.7) | 112 (75.2) | 238 (74.4) |
Married | 45 (26.3) | 37 (24.8) | 82 (25.6) |
Had COVID-19 | |||
Yes | 15 (8.8) | 11 (7.4) | 26 (8.1) |
No | 156 (91.2) | 138 (92.6) | 236 (91.9) |
Coexisting disease | |||
Yes | 10 (5.8) | 9 (6.0) | 19 (5.9) |
No | 161 (94.2) | 140 (94.0) | 301 (94.1) |
Item. | Male (%) | Female (%) | Total (%) | p Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
K1. The main clinical symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, fatigue, dry cough, and muscle pain. | NS | |||
Yes | 149 (87.1) | 138 (92.6) | 287 (89.7) | |
No/Don’t Know | 22 (12.9) | 11 (7.4) | 33 (10.3) | |
K2. Unlike the common cold, stuffy nose, runny nose, and sneezing are less common in persons infected with the COVID-19 virus. | NS | |||
Yes | 93 (54.4) | 76 (51.0) | 169 (52.8) | |
No/Don’t Know | 78 (45.6) | 73 (49.0) | 151 (47.2) | |
K3. Currently there is no effective cure for COVID-19, but early symptomatic and supportive treatment can help most patients to recover from the infection. | NS | |||
Yes | 126 (73.7) | 121 (81.2) | 247 (77.2) | |
No/Don’t Know | 45 (26.3) | 28 (18.8) | 73 (22.8) | |
K4. Not all persons with COVID-19 will develop severe cases. Those who are elderly, have chronic illnesses, and are obese are more likely to be severe cases. | NS | |||
Yes | 141 (82.5) | 132 (88.6) | 273 (85.3) | |
No/Don’t Know | 30 (17.5) | 17 (11.4) | 47 (14.7) | |
K5. Eating or contacting wild animals would result in the infection by the COVID-19 virus. | NS | |||
No | 111 (64.9) | 97 (65.1) | 208 (65.0) | |
Yes/Don’t Know | 60 (35.1) | 52 (34.9) | 112 (35.0) | |
K6. Persons with COVID-19 cannot spread the virus to others when the symptoms of COVID-19 are not present. | 0.01 | |||
No | 111 (64.9) | 116 (77.9) | 227 (70.9) | |
Yes/Don’t Know | 60 (35.1) | 33 (22.1) | 93 (29.1) | |
K7. The COVID-19 virus spreads via respiratory droplets of infected individuals. | 0.04 | |||
Yes | 149 (87.1) | 140 (94.0) | 289 (90.3) | |
No/Don’t Know | 22 (12.9) | 9 (6.0) | 31 (9.7) | |
K8. Ordinary individuals can wear general medical masks to prevent the infection by the COVID-19 virus. | NS | |||
Yes | 157 (91.8) | 133 (89.3) | 290 (90.6) | |
No/Don’t Know | 14 (8.2) | 16 (10.7) | 30 (9.4) | |
K9. It is not necessary for children and young adults to take measures to prevent the infection by the COVID-19 virus. | NS | |||
No | 153 (89.5) | 134 (89.9) | 287 (89.7) | |
Yes/Don’t Know | 18 (10.5) | 15 (10.1) | 33 (10.3) | |
K10. To prevent the infection by COVID-19, individuals should avoid going to crowded places and avoid gatherings. | NS | |||
Yes | 158 (92.4) | 143 (96.0) | 301 (94.1) | |
No/Don’t Know | 13 (7.6) | 6 (4.0) | 19 (5.9) | |
K11. Test, Trace and Isolate (TTI) are the effective ways to reduce the spread of COVID-19. | NS | |||
Yes | 143 (83.6) | 129 (86.6) | 272 (85.0) | |
No/Don’t Know | 28 (16.4) | 20 (13.4) | 48 (15.0) | |
K12. People who have contact with someone infected with the COVID-19 virus should be immediately isolated in a proper place. In general, the observation period is 14 days. | NS | |||
Yes | 157 (91.8) | 139 (93.3) | 296 (92.5) | |
No/Don’t Know | 14 (8.2) | 10 (6.7) | 24 (7.5) |
Item | Male (%) | Female (%) | Total (%) | p Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
A1. Do you agree that COVID-19 will finally be successfully controlled? | NS | |||
Yes | 134 (78.4) | 118 (79.2) | 252 (78.8) | |
No/Unsure | 37 (21.6) | 31 (20.8) | 68 (21.3) | |
A2. Do you think that COVID-19 is a threat for your community? | NS | |||
Yes | 114 (66.7) | 104 (69.8) | 218 (68.1) | |
No/Unsure | 57 (33.3) | 45 (30.2) | 102 (31.9) | |
A3. I think that the lockdown would improve the overall wellbeing of the society in terms of controlling COVID-19 pandemic situation. | NS | |||
Yes | 148 (86.5) | 138 (92.6) | 286 (89.4) | |
No/Unsure | 23 (13.5) | 11 (7.4) | 34 (10.6) |
Variables | Knowledge (Males) | Knowledge (Females) | Knowledge (Total) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean (±SD) | p-Value | n | Mean (±SD) | p-Value | n | Mean (±SD) | p-Value | |
A1. Do you agree that COVID-19 will finally be successfully controlled? | |||||||||
Yes | 134 | 9.49 (2.12) | NS | 118 | 10.16 (1.80) | 0.003 | 252 | 9.80 (2.00) | 0.011 |
No/Unsure | 37 | 9.16 (2.87) | 31 | 8.87 (2.93) | 68 | 9.03 (2.88) | |||
A2. Do you think that COVID-19 is a threat for your community? | |||||||||
Yes | 114 | 9.76 (1.88) | 0.005 | 104 | 10.29 (1.52) | <0.001 | 218 | 10.01 (1.74) | <0.001 |
No/Unsure | 57 | 8.72 (2.85) | 45 | 8.98 (2.96) | 102 | 8.83 (2.89) | |||
A3. I think that the lockdown would improve the overall wellbeing of the society in terms of controlling COVID-19 pandemic situation? | |||||||||
Yes | 148 | 9.72 (1.82) | <0.001 | 138 | 10.21 (1.52) | <0.001 | 286 | 9.96 (1.70) | <0.001 |
No/Unsure | 23 | 7.43 (3.73) | 11 | 5.91 (4.13) | 34 | 6.94 (3.87) |
Item | Male (%) | Female (%) | Total (%) | p Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
P1. In recent days, have you gone to any crowded place? | 0.04 | |||
No | 79 (46.2) | 86 (57.7) | 165 (51.6) | |
Yes/Unsure | 92 (53.8) | 63 (42.3) | 155 (48.4) | |
P2. In recent days, have you worn a mask when leaving home? | NS | |||
Yes | 141 (82.5) | 131 (87.9) | 272 (85.0) | |
No/Unsure | 30 (17.5) | 18 (12.1) | 48 (15.0) | |
P3. Are you following the strategies recommended by authorities (e.g., Ministry of Health) to prevent the infection and spread of COVID-19? | 0.01 | |||
Yes | 136 (79.5) | 134 (89.9) | 270 (84.4) | |
No/Unsure | 35 (20.5) | 15 (10.1) | 50 (15.6) |
Variables | Knowledge (Males) | Knowledge (Females) | Knowledge (Total) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean (±SD) | p-Value | n | Mean (±SD) | p-Value | n | Mean (±SD) | p-Value | |
P1. In recent days, have you gone to any crowded place? | |||||||||
No | 79 | 9.80 (1.76) | 0.04 | 86 | 10.00 (1.80) | NS | 165 | 9.90 (1.83) | 0.028 |
Yes/Unsure | 92 | 9.09 (2.64) | 63 | 9.75 (2.44) | 155 | 9.35 (2.57) | |||
P2. In recent days, have you worn a mask when leaving home? | |||||||||
Yes | 141 | 9.76 (1.84) | <0.001 | 131 | 10.11 (1.61) | 0.001 | 272 | 9.93 (1.74) | <0.001 |
No/Unsure | 30 | 7.80 (3.36) | 18 | 8.28 (4.11) | 48 | 7.98 (3.62) | |||
P3. Are you following the strategies recommended by authorities (e.g., Ministry of Health) to prevent the infection and spread of COVID-19? | |||||||||
Yes | 136 | 9.71 (1.89) | 0.001 | 134 | 10.05 (1.82) | 0.006 | 270 | 9.88 (1.86) | <0.001 |
No/Unsure | 35 | 8.29 (3.26) | 15 | 8.47 (3.80) | 50 | 8.34 (3.39) |
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Anaam, M.S.; Alsahali, S. Gender Differences in Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices toward COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Diseases 2023, 11, 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases11020063
Anaam MS, Alsahali S. Gender Differences in Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices toward COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Diseases. 2023; 11(2):63. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases11020063
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnaam, Mohammed Saif, and Saud Alsahali. 2023. "Gender Differences in Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices toward COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study" Diseases 11, no. 2: 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases11020063
APA StyleAnaam, M. S., & Alsahali, S. (2023). Gender Differences in Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices toward COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Diseases, 11(2), 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases11020063