Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Fleece Fabric Surface for Thickness Evaluation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bench Tester
2.2. 2D Image Processing
2.3. 3D Image Reconstruction
3. Surface Quality Estimation
3.1. Modelling of Fabric Thickness
3.2. Parametric Model of Undulation Degree of Fabric Surface
4. Experimental Results
4.1. Fabric Thickness Estimation
4.2. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Fabric Sample | Number of Frames | Single Frame Thickness/mm | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | 1–10 | 5.04 | 5.02 | 5.01 | 4.95 | 4.92 | 4.15 | 4.13 | 4.09 | 4.12 | 4.12 |
11–20 | 4.03 | 3.91 | 3.99 | 3.90 | 3.89 | 4.28 | 4.24 | 4.47 | 4.38 | 4.21 | |
21–30 | 4.21 | 4.55 | 4.50 | 4.56 | 4.38 | 4.71 | 4.38 | 4.36 | 4.38 | 4.37 | |
31–40 | 4.35 | 4.06 | 4.20 | 4.14 | 4.41 | 4.40 | 4.66 | 4.56 | 4.56 | 4.44 | |
41–50 | 4.00 | 4.05 | 4.08 | 4.12 | 4.50 | 4.89 | 4.68 | 5.10 | 4.43 | 4.07 | |
51–60 | 4.62 | 4.74 | 4.31 | 5.33 | 5.06 | 4.10 | 4.08 | 4.17 | 4.38 | 5.10 | |
61–70 | 4.65 | 4.63 | 4.61 | 4.11 | 4.05 | 4.27 | 4.11 | 4.10 | 4.65 | 4.38 | |
71–80 | 4.25 | 4.47 | 4.58 | 4.05 | 4.36 | 4.44 | 4.35 | 4.24 | 4.48 | 4.11 | |
81–90 | 4.21 | 4.16 | 4.18 | 4.10 | 4.34 | 4.00 | 3.88 | 3.87 | 4.15 | 4.09 | |
91–100 | 4.54 | 4.60 | 4.56 | 4.07 | 3.98 | 4.00 | 4.23 | 4.24 | 4.40 | 4.48 | |
b | 1–10 | 3.73 | 3.71 | 3.69 | 3.65 | 3.61 | 3.67 | 3.67 | 3.65 | 3.62 | 3.56 |
11–20 | 3.55 | 3.54 | 3.49 | 3.49 | 3.52 | 3.41 | 3.40 | 3.79 | 3.79 | 3.73 | |
21–30 | 3.73 | 3.58 | 3.63 | 3.39 | 3.40 | 3.46 | 3.41 | 3.36 | 3.66 | 3.67 | |
31–40 | 3.35 | 3.39 | 3.32 | 3.31 | 3.36 | 3.60 | 3.40 | 3.39 | 3.42 | 3.42 | |
41–50 | 3.36 | 3.43 | 3.29 | 3.29 | 3.29 | 3.45 | 3.46 | 3.37 | 3.29 | 3.29 | |
51–60 | 3.53 | 3.43 | 3.38 | 3.39 | 3.36 | 3.54 | 3.56 | 3.52 | 3.46 | 3.46 | |
61–70 | 3.37 | 3.36 | 3.60 | 3.60 | 3.51 | 3.63 | 3.63 | 3.34 | 3.34 | 3.44 | |
71–80 | 3.44 | 3.54 | 3.64 | 3.68 | 3.57 | 3.53 | 3.56 | 3.41 | 3.38 | 3.44 | |
81–90 | 3.46 | 3.36 | 3.41 | 3.41 | 3.35 | 3.24 | 3.41 | 3.40 | 3.34 | 3.38 | |
91–100 | 3.62 | 3.55 | 3.45 | 3.55 | 3.63 | 3.55 | 3.59 | 3.64 | 3.63 | 3.62 | |
c | 1–10 | 3.25 | 3.34 | 3.31 | 3.36 | 3.39 | 3.46 | 3.42 | 3.34 | 3.35 | 3.33 |
11–20 | 3.30 | 3.32 | 3.25 | 3.17 | 3.32 | 3.32 | 3.30 | 3.43 | 3.55 | 3.43 | |
21–30 | 3.20 | 3.240 | 3.23 | 3.21 | 3.22 | 3.16 | 3.18 | 3.13 | 3.20 | 3.23 | |
31–40 | 2.95 | 3.00 | 3.02 | 3.17 | 3.02 | 2.88 | 2.91 | 2.93 | 2.93 | 2.89 | |
41–50 | 3.02 | 2.98 | 2.97 | 2.89 | 2.99 | 2.74 | 2.77 | 2.88 | 3.01 | 2.90 | |
51–60 | 3.04 | 3.00 | 2.96 | 2.79 | 3.01 | 3.11 | 3.14 | 3.14 | 3.13 | 3.06 | |
61–70 | 3.23 | 3.190 | 3.14 | 3.06 | 3.17 | 3.25 | 3.21 | 3.20 | 3.21 | 3.19 | |
71–80 | 3.21 | 3.22 | 3.17 | 3.10 | 3.29 | 3.11 | 3.13 | 3.09 | 3.26 | 3.07 | |
81–90 | 2.80 | 2.94 | 2.82 | 2.96 | 2.82 | 2.73 | 2.77 | 2.71 | 2.70 | 2.72 | |
91–100 | 2.77 | 2.80 | 2.80 | 2.85 | 2.88 | 2.85 | 2.81 | 2.92 | 2.84 | 2.86 | |
d | 1–10 | 4.63 | 4.62 | 4.69 | 4.67 | 4.70 | 4.49 | 4.45 | 4.43 | 4.43 | 4.49 |
11–20 | 4.55 | 4.60 | 4.55 | 4.61 | 4.57 | 4.50 | 4.47 | 4.51 | 4.45 | 4.42 | |
21–30 | 4.48 | 4.57 | 4.59 | 4.68 | 4.76 | 4.24 | 4.26 | 4.26 | 4.34 | 4.41 | |
31–40 | 4.74 | 4.58 | 4.59 | 4.59 | 4.30 | 4.52 | 4.50 | 4.48 | 4.49 | 4.52 | |
41–50 | 4.48 | 4.61 | 4.71 | 4.70 | 4.59 | 4.88 | 4.58 | 5.06 | 4.34 | 4.48 | |
51–60 | 4.61 | 5.02 | 4.51 | 4.96 | 4.66 | 4.57 | 4.53 | 4.59 | 4.77 | 5.01 | |
61–70 | 4.59 | 4.57 | 4.58 | 4.65 | 4.65 | 4.36 | 4.39 | 4.43 | 4.57 | 4.53 | |
71–80 | 4.49 | 4.49 | 4.43 | 4.38 | 4.38 | 4.48 | 4.53 | 4.57 | 4.46 | 4.35 | |
81–90 | 4.09 | 4.16 | 4.29 | 4.42 | 4.39 | 4.23 | 4.23 | 3.99 | 4.22 | 4.22 | |
91–100 | 4.67 | 4.64 | 4.70 | 4.16 | 4.14 | 4.58 | 4.89 | 4.86 | 4.38 | 4.65 | |
e | 1–10 | 4.64 | 4.68 | 4.62 | 4.67 | 4.67 | 4.54 | 4.45 | 4.55 | 4.55 | 4.45 |
11–20 | 4.32 | 4.33 | 4.35 | 4.33 | 4.38 | 4.55 | 4.53 | 4.54 | 4.56 | 4.47 | |
21–30 | 4.33 | 4.79 | 4.30 | 4.61 | 4.83 | 4.42 | 4.37 | 4.59 | 4.55 | 4.34 | |
31–40 | 4.25 | 4.30 | 4.31 | 4.43 | 4.37 | 4.25 | 4.25 | 4.18 | 4.20 | 4.21 | |
41–50 | 4.14 | 4.13 | 4.30 | 4.13 | 4.13 | 4.09 | 4.11 | 4.09 | 4.19 | 4.14 | |
51–60 | 4.25 | 4.15 | 4.14 | 3.99 | 4.18 | 4.36 | 4.36 | 4.22 | 4.33 | 4.03 | |
61–70 | 4.16 | 4.18 | 4.33 | 4.10 | 4.16 | 3.86 | 4.24 | 4.11 | 4.07 | 4.24 | |
71–80 | 4.02 | 3.80 | 4.09 | 3.90 | 4.00 | 4.14 | 4.03 | 4.14 | 4.14 | 4.11 | |
81–90 | 4.22 | 4.10 | 3.74 | 4.14 | 4.19 | 4.17 | 4.23 | 3.88 | 4.34 | 4.24 | |
91–100 | 4.23 | 4.11 | 4.31 | 4.10 | 4.02 | 4.36 | 4.32 | 4.35 | 4.27 | 4.38 |
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Fabric Sample | Gq (mm) | Estimated Thickness (mm) | Measured Thickness (mm) | Error |
---|---|---|---|---|
a | 0.431 | 4.36 | 3.10 | 28.9% |
b | 0.201 | 3.49 | 2.96 | 15.2% |
c | 0.190 | 3.08 | 2.76 | 10.4% |
d | 0.299 | 4.52 | 3.25 | 28.1% |
e | 0.252 | 4.27 | 3.61 | 15.5% |
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Jin, S.; Chen, Y.; Yin, J.; Li, Y.; Gupta, M.K.; Fracz, P.; Li, Z. Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Fleece Fabric Surface for Thickness Evaluation. Electronics 2020, 9, 1346. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091346
Jin S, Chen Y, Yin J, Li Y, Gupta MK, Fracz P, Li Z. Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Fleece Fabric Surface for Thickness Evaluation. Electronics. 2020; 9(9):1346. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091346
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Shoufeng, Yang Chen, Jiajie Yin, Yi Li, Munish Kumar Gupta, Pawel Fracz, and Zhixiong Li. 2020. "Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Fleece Fabric Surface for Thickness Evaluation" Electronics 9, no. 9: 1346. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091346