A Low-Cost CPW-Fed Multiband Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for Wireless Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Step by Step Design Guidelines and Approach
2.1. Antenna Geometry
2.2. Design Methodology
2.3. Switch Design
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Case 1: (All Switches ON)
3.2. Case 2: (All Switches Off)
3.3. Case 3: (Switches 2 and 4 ON, Switches 3 and 5 OFF)
3.4. Case 4: (Switches 2 and 3 ON, Switches 4 and 5 OFF)
3.5. Proposed Antenna Gain and Efficiency (%) at Different Stages
4. Comparison with Other State of the Art Designs
5. Conclusion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L | 60 | W2 | 3.2 | L1 | 2.62 | L5 | 8.35 |
W | 40 | W3 | 2.93 | L2 | 8.41 | L6 | 15.8 |
Wg | 12.25 | W4 | 3.05 | L3 | 18.39 | L7 | 18.3 |
W1 | 20 | S | 1 | L4 | 4.51 | A | 5.8 |
Sc | 1 | h | 1.6 | a | 1.525 | b | 3.535 |
Case | Diodes | Frequency Bands | Operating Frequency (GHz) | No. of Bands | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | (GHz) | |||
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.2–3.4, 3.8–4.7, 7.8–8.4, 9.2–9.7 | 2.7, 4.4, 8.1, 9.4 | 4 |
2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.1–3.3, 3.6–4.3, 5.2–5.46, 6.4–6.8, 8.4–8.8 | 2.7, 4.1, 5.4, 6.6, 8.6 | 5 |
3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2.2–3.3, 3.7–4.4, 5.2–5.6, 6.7–7.2, 8.4–9.2 | 2.7, 4.1, 5.4, 6.9, 8.8 | 5 |
4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2.2–3.3, 3.7–4.5, 8.1–8.8 | 2.7, 4.2, 8.4 | 3 |
Freq. (GHz) | 2.7 | 4.4 | 8.1 | 9.4 |
RL (dB) | −30 | −15 | −18 | −21 |
BW (MHz) | 1200 | 900 | 600 | 500 |
Gain (dBi) | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.01 | 1.41 |
Dir. (dB) | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 1.54 |
Eff. (%) | 90 | 91 | 88 | 91 |
VSWR | 1.09 | 1.2 | 1.03 | 0.9 |
App. | WLAN/ WiMAX | S/C-Band | Fixed/ Mobile Satellite | Satellite/ Radar |
Freq.(GHz) | 2.7 | 4.1 | 5.4 | 6.6 | 8.6 |
RL (dB) | −29 | −23 | −14 | −19 | −18 |
BW (MHz) | 1200 | 700 | 260 | 400 | 400 |
Gain (dBi) | 1.55 | 1.7 | 0.64 | 0.94 | 2.34 |
Dir. (dB) | 1.62 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1.10 | 2.6 |
Eff. (%) | 95 | 88 | 77 | 85 | 87 |
VSWR | 1.2 | 1.02 | 1.03 | 1.011 | 1.04 |
App. | Aviation Service | WiMAX | WLAN | Long Dist. Radio Comm. | X-Band Sat. Comm. |
Freq. (GHz) | 2.7 | 4.1 | 5.4 | 6.9 | 8.8 |
RL (dB) | −39 | −18 | −17 | −13 | −23 |
BW (MHz) | 1100 | 700 | 400 | 500 | 800 |
Gain (dBi) | 1.35 | 1.7 | 0.65 | 1.53 | 2.5 |
Dir. (dB) | 1.55 | 1.98 | 0.80 | 1.7 | 2.9 |
Eff. (%) | 87 | 85 | 82 | 89 | 88 |
VSWR | 1.4 | 1.09 | 1.02 | 1.04 | 0.9 |
App. | S-band | Aeronautical Radio Navi. | WiMAX | FixedSat./ WiMAX | Sat./Space Comm. |
Freq. (GHz) | 2.7 | 4.2 | 8.4 |
RL (dB) | −35 | −17 | −19 |
BW (MHz) | 1100 | 800 | 700 |
Gain (dBi) | 1.43 | 1.80 | 1.70 |
Dir. (dB) | 1.52 | 2.02 | 2.02 |
Eff. (%) | 94 | 89 | 84 |
VSWR | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.02 |
App. | Maritime/ Radiolocation Service | Long Distance Comm. | X-band/Satcom App. |
Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | Case 4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Freq. | Gain (dBi) | Freq. | Gain (dBi) | Freq. | Gain (dBi) | Freq. | Gain (dBi) |
2.7 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.55 | 2.7 | 1.35 | 2.7 | 1.43 |
4.4 | 1.9 | 4.1 | 1.7 | 4.1 | 1.7 | 4.2 | 1.80 |
8.1 | 2.01 | 5.4 | 0.64 | 5.4 | 0.65 | 8.4 | 1.70 |
9.4 | 1.41 | 6.6 | 0.94 | 6.9 | 1.53 | - | - |
- | - | 8.6 | 2.34 | 8.8 | 2.5 | - | - |
Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | Case 4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Freq. | Efficiency (%) | Freq. | Efficiency (%) | Freq. | Efficiency (%) | Freq. | Efficiency (%) |
2.7 | 90 | 1.9 | 95 | 2.7 | 87 | 2.7 | 94 |
4.4 | 91 | 4.1 | 88 | 4.1 | 85 | 4.2 | 89 |
8.1 | 88 | 5.4 | 77 | 5.4 | 82 | 8.4 | 84 |
9.4 | 91 | 6.6 | 85 | 6.9 | 89 | - | - |
- | - | 8.6 | 87 | 8.8 | 88 | - | - |
Ref. | [9] | [15] | [16] | [17] | [18] | [19] | [31] | [32] | Proposed Work |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (mm2) | 3900 | 675 | 1852.3 | 400 | 1720 | 1892 | 337.5 | 2852 | 2400 |
Substrate | FR4 | RO4350B | RO4350 | FR4 | FR4 | PET | FR4 | FR4 | FR4 |
Thickness (mm) | 1.55 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.8 | N/A | 1.6 |
No. of resonances | 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 12 |
No. of switches | 6 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 4 |
BW at diff. resonance bands (MHz) | 1400 to 4600 | 100; 120; 280; 220; 100; 320 | 690; 300; 740; 620 | 210; 400; 580 | 500; 380; 800 | 160; 180; 270 | 1575; 244 | 245; 525; 575 | 1200; 900; 600; 500; 700; 260; 400; 400; 500; 800; 800; 700 |
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Khan, T.; Rahman, M.; Akram, A.; Amin, Y.; Tenhunen, H. A Low-Cost CPW-Fed Multiband Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for Wireless Applications. Electronics 2019, 8, 900. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8080900
Khan T, Rahman M, Akram A, Amin Y, Tenhunen H. A Low-Cost CPW-Fed Multiband Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for Wireless Applications. Electronics. 2019; 8(8):900. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8080900
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan, Tayyaba, MuhibUr Rahman, Adeel Akram, Yasar Amin, and Hannu Tenhunen. 2019. "A Low-Cost CPW-Fed Multiband Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for Wireless Applications" Electronics 8, no. 8: 900. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8080900