Development of Novel and Ultra-High-Performance Supercapacitor Based on a Four Layered Unique Structure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Preparation of Z, ZN, ZNP and ZNPM Electrodes
2.3. Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Schematic Illustration
3.2. Surface Morphology
3.3. Electrochemical Studies
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Ntona, E.; Arabatzis, G.; Kyriakopoulos, G.L. Energy saving: Views and attitudes of students in secondary education. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 46, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kyriakopoulos, G.L.; Arabatzis, G. Electrical energy storage systems in electricity generation: Energy policies, innovative technologies, and regulatory regimes. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 56, 1044–1067. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guney, M.S.; Tepe, Y. Classification and assessment of energy storage systems. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 75, 1187–1197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muruganantham, B.; Gnanadass, R.; Padhy, N.P. Challenges with renewable energy sources and storage in practical distribution systems. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 73, 125–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiao, J.; Liu, Y.; Hong, F.; Zhang, J. A review of catalysts for the electroreduction of carbon dioxide to produce low-carbon fuels. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 631–675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhao, G.; Huang, X.; Wang, X.; Wang, X. Progress in catalyst exploration for heterogeneous CO2 reduction and utilization: A critical review. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 21625–21649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taberna, P.L.; Mitra, S.; Poizot, P.; Simon, P.; Tarascon, J.-M. High rate capabilities Fe3O4-based Cu nano-architectured electrodes for lithium-ion battery applications. Nat. Mater. 2006, 5, 567–573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Howard, W.G.; Schmidt, C.L.; Scott, E.R. Lithium-Ion Battery 2010. U.S. Patent 7794869B2, 14 September 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Scott, E.R.; Howard, W.G.; Schmidt, C.L. Lithium-Ion Battery 2010. U.S. Patent 7811705B2, 12 October 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Aneke, M.; Wang, M. Energy storage technologies and real life applications—A state of the art review. Appl. Energy 2016, 179, 350–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gallo, A.B.; Simões-Moreira, J.R.; Costa, H.K.M.; Santos, M.M.; Moutinho dos Santos, E. Energy storage in the energy transition context: A technology review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 65, 800–822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Winter, M.; Brodd, R.J. What Are Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors? (Chem. Rev. 2003, 104, 4245−4269. Published on the Web 09/28/2004.). Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 1021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goodenough, J.B.; Lee, H.Y.; Manivannan, V. Supercapacitors and Batteries. MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive. Available online: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mrs-online-proceedings-library-archive/article/supercapacitors-and-batteries/2C5873B0CEB69250059AD6BE41D5703E1998 (accessed on 15 February 2011).
- Xia, X.; Chao, D.; Ng, C.F.; Lin, J.; Fan, Z.; Zhang, H.; Shen, Z.X.; Fan, H.J. VO2 nanoflake arrays for supercapacitor and Li-ion battery electrodes: Performance enhancement by hydrogen molybdenum bronze as an efficient shell material. Mater. Horiz. 2015, 2, 237–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hadjipaschalis, I.; Poullikkas, A.; Efthimiou, V. Overview of current and future energy storage technologies for electric power applications. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2009, 13, 1513–1522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xue, X.D.; Raman, S.R.; Fong, Y.C.; Cheng, K.W.E. Loss analysis of hybrid battery-supercapacitor energy storage system in EVs. In Proceedings of the 2017 7th International Conference on Power Electronics Systems and Applications—Smart Mobility, Power Transfer Security (PESA), Hong Kong, China, 12–14 December 2017; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, X.; Wang, H.; Yi, H.; Wang, X.; Yan, X.; Guo, Z. Anthraquinone on Porous Carbon Nanotubes with Improved Supercapacitor Performance. J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 8262–8270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salunkhe, R.R.; Tang, J.; Kamachi, Y.; Nakato, T.; Kim, J.H.; Yamauchi, Y. Asymmetric Supercapacitors Using 3D Nanoporous Carbon and Cobalt Oxide Electrodes Synthesized from a Single Metal–Organic Framework. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 6288–6296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shen, L.; Wang, J.; Xu, G.; Li, H.; Dou, H.; Zhang, X. NiCo2S4 Nanosheets Grown on Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Foams as an Advanced Electrode for Supercapacitors. Adv. Energy Mater. 2014, 5, 1400977. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, K.; Wu, H.; Meng, Y.; Wei, Z. Conducting Polymer Nanowire Arrays for High Performance Supercapacitors. Small 2013, 10, 14–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xu, P.; Liu, J.; Yan, P.; Miao, C.; Ye, K.; Cheng, K.; Yin, J.; Cao, D.; Li, K.; Wang, G. Preparation of porous cadmium sulphide on nickel foam: A novel electrode material with excellent supercapacitor performance. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 4920–4928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Durga, I.K.; Rao, S.S.; Reddy, A.E.; Gopi, C.V.V.M.; Kim, H.-J. Achieving copper sulfide leaf like nanostructure electrode for high performance supercapacitor and quantum-dot sensitized solar cells. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2018, 435, 666–675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Naresh, B.; Punnoose, D.; Rao, S.S.; Subramanian, A.; Ramesh, B.R.; Kim, H.-J. Hydrothermal synthesis and pseudocapacitive properties of morphology-tuned nickel sulfide (NiS) nanostructures. New J. Chem. 2018, 42, 2733–2742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sekhar, S.C.; Nagaraju, G.; Cha, S.M.; Yu, J.S. Birnessite-type MnO2 nanosheet arrays with interwoven arrangements on vapor grown carbon fibers as hybrid nanocomposites for pseudocapacitors. Dalton Trans. Camb. Engl. 2003 2016, 45, 19322–19328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Quan, W.; Jiang, C.; Wang, S.; Li, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Tang, Z.; Favier, F. New nanocomposite material as supercapacitor electrode prepared via restacking of Ni-Mn LDH and MnO2 nanosheets. Electrochim. Acta 2017, 247, 1072–1079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, Y.; Mi, L.; Wei, W.; Cui, S.; Zheng, Z.; Hou, H.; Chen, W. Double Metal Ions Synergistic Effect in Hierarchical Multiple Sulfide Microflowers for Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 4311–4319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Enhancing the Supercapacitor Performance of Graphene/MnO2 Nanostructured Electrodes by Conductive Wrapping—Nano Letters (ACS Publications). Available online: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/nl2026635 (accessed on 7 June 2018).
- Zhou, W.; Zheng, J.-L.; Yue, Y.-H.; Guo, L. Highly stable rGO-wrapped Ni3S2 nanobowls: Structure fabrication and superior long-life electrochemical performance in LIBs. Nano Energy 2015, 11, 428–435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fisher, R.A.; Watt, M.R.; Ready, W.J. Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Supercapacitor Electrodes: A Review on Pseudocapacitive Materials. ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 2013, 2, M3170–M3177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Balamuralitharan, B.; Karthick, S.N.; Balasingam, S.K.; Hemalatha, K.V.; Selvam, S.; Raj, J.A.; Prabakar, K.; Jun, Y.; Kim, H.-J. Hybrid Reduced Graphene Oxide/Manganese Diselenide Cubes: A New Electrode Material for Supercapacitors. Energy Technol. 2017, 5, 1953–1962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, J.; Li, Y.; Liu, J.; Huang, X.; Yuan, C.; Lou, X.W.D. Recent advances in metal oxide-based electrode architecture design for electrochemical energy storage. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 5166–5180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, H.J.; Kim, C.W.; Punnoose, D.; Gopi, C.V.; Kim, S.K.; Prabakar, K.; Rao, S.S. Nickel doped cobalt sulfide as a high performance counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2015, 328, 78–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Facile Preparation and Sulfidation Analysis for Activated Multiporous Carbon@NiCo2S4 Nanostructure with Enhanced Supercapacitive Properties. Available online: https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-0473b203-809f-3a8d-9472-94dfdf7cea64 (accessed on 7 June 2018).
- Selvam, S.; Balamuralitharan, B.; Karthick, S.N.; Savariraj, A.D.; Hemalatha, K.V.; Kim, S.-K.; Kim, H.-J. Novel high-temperature supercapacitor combined dye sensitized solar cell from a sulfated β-cyclodextrin/PVP/MnCO3 composite. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 10225–10232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ruthenium Sulfide Nanoparticles as a New Pseudocapacitive Material for Supercapacitor—ScienceDirect. Available online: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001346861632730X (accessed on 7 June 2018).
- Zhang, C.; Higgins, T.M.; Park, S.-H.; O’Brien, S.E.; Long, D.; Coleman, J.N.; Nicolosi, V. Highly flexible and transparent solid-state supercapacitors based on RuO2/PEDOT:PSS conductive ultrathin films. Nano Energy 2016, 28, 495–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karthik, P.; Vinoth, R.; Selvam, P.; Balaraman, E.; Navaneethan, M.; Hayakawa, Y.; Neppolian, B. A visible-light active catechol–metal oxide carbonaceous polymeric material for enhanced photocatalytic activity. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 5, 384–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bao, L.; Zang, J.; Li, X. Flexible Zn2SnO4/MnO2 Core/Shell Nanocable−Carbon Microfiber Hybrid Composites for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 1215–1220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yu, M.; Sun, H.; Sun, X.; Lu, F.; Wang, G.; Hu, T.; Qiu, H.; Lian, J. Hierarchical Al-doped and Hydrogenated ZnO Nanowire@MnO2 Ultra-Thin Nanosheet Core/Shell Arrays for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrode. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2013, 8, 17. [Google Scholar]
- Xia, X.; Tu, J.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, X.; Gu, C.; Zhao, X.; Fan, H.J. High-Quality Metal Oxide Core/Shell Nanowire Arrays on Conductive Substrates for Electrochemical Energy Storage. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 5531–5538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sun, X.; Li, Q.; Lü, Y.; Mao, Y. Three-dimensional ZnO@MnO2 core@shell nanostructures for electrochemical energy storage. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 4456–4458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yasir Rafiq, M.; Iqbal, F.; Aslam, F.; Bilal, M.; Munir, N.; Sultana, I.; Ashraf, F.; Manzoor, F.; Hassan, N.; Razaq, A. Fabrication and characterization of ZnO/MnO2 and ZnO/TiO2 flexible nanocomposites for energy storage applications. J. Alloys Compd. 2017, 729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pearton, S.J.; Abernathy, C.R.; Overberg, M.E.; Thaler, G.T.; Norton, D.P.; Theodoropoulou, N.; Hebard, A.F.; Park, Y.D.; Ren, F.; Kim, J.; et al. Wide band gap ferromagnetic semiconductors and oxides. J. Appl. Phys. 2002, 93, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ryu, Y.R.; Lubguban, J.A.; Lee, T.S.; White, H.W.; Jeong, T.S.; Youn, C.J.; Kim, B.J. Excitonic ultraviolet lasing in ZnO-based light emitting devices. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, 131115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xing, G.Z.; Lu, Y.H.; Tian, Y.F.; Yi, J.B.; Lim, C.C.; Li, Y.F.; Li, G.P.; Wang, D.D.; Yao, B.; Ding, J.; et al. Defect-induced magnetism in undoped wide band gap oxides: Zinc vacancies in ZnO as an example. AIP Adv. 2011, 1, 022152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yan, D.; Liu, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhuo, R.; Wu, Z.G.; Ren, P.; Li, S.; Wang, J.; Yan, P.; Geng, Z. Synthesis and electrochemical properties of MnO2/rGO/PEDOT:PSS ternary composite electrode material for supercapacitors. Mater. Lett. 2014, 127, 53–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ranjusha, R.; Sajesh, K.M.; Roshny, S.; Lakshmi, V.; Anjali, P.; Sonia, T.S.; Nair, A.S.; Subramanian, K.R.; Nair, S.V.; Chennazhi, K.P.; et al. Supercapacitors based on freeze dried MnO2 embedded PEDOT: PSS hybrid sponges. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2014, 186, 30–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yin, C.; Yang, C.; Jiang, M.; Deng, C.; Yang, L.; Li, J.; Qian, D. A Novel and Facile One-Pot Solvothermal Synthesis of PEDOT–PSS/Ni–Mn–Co–O Hybrid as an Advanced Supercapacitor Electrode Material. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 2741–2752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Preparation and Electrochemical Performances of NiS with PEDOT: PSS Chrysanthemum Petal Like Nanostructure for High Performance Supercapacitors—ScienceDirect. Available online: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013468617320054 (accessed on 7 June 2018).
- Punnoose, D.; Rao, S.S.; Kim, H.-J. Solution processed metal-doped NiS/PEDOT:PSS composite thin films as an efficient electrode for quantum-dot sensitized solar cells. Mater. Res. Bull. 2018, 102, 369–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krishnakumar, S.R.; Shanthi, N.; Sarma, D.D. Electronic structure of millerite NiS. Phys. Rev. B 2002, 66, 115105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gao, R.; Zhang, Q.; Soyekwo, F.; Lin, C.; Lv, R.; Qu, Y.; Chen, M.; Zhu, A.; Liu, Q. Novel amorphous nickel sulfide@CoS double-shelled polyhedral nanocages for supercapacitor electrode materials with superior electrochemical properties. Electrochim. Acta 2017, 237, 94–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krishnamoorthy, K.; Kumar, G.; Radhakrishnan, S.; Jae Kim, S. One pot hydrothermal growth of hierarchical nanostructured Ni3S2 on Ni foam for supercapacitor application. Chem. Eng. J. 2014, 251, 116–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Sun, W.; Rui, X.; Li, B.; Tan, H.T.; Guo, G.; Madhavi, S.; Zong, Y.; Yan, Q. One-Pot Synthesis of Tunable Crystalline Ni3S4@Amorphous MoS2 Core/Shell Nanospheres for High-Performance Supercapacitors. Small 2015, 11, 3694–3702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Punnoose, D.; Kumar, C.S.S.P.; Rao, S.S.; Varma, C.V.T.; Naresh, B.; Reddy, A.E.; Kundarala, N.; Lee, Y.-S.; Kim, M.-Y.; Kim, H.-J. In situ synthesis of CuS nano platelets on nano wall networks of Ni foam and its application as an efficient counter electrode for quantum dot sensitized solar cells. Org. Electron. 2017, 42, 115–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rao, S.S.; Durga, I.K.; Kundakarla, N.; Punnoose, D.; Gopi, C.V.; Reddy, A.E.; Jagadeesh, M.; Kim, H.J. A hydrothermal reaction combined with a post anion-exchange reaction of hierarchically nanostructured NiCo2S4 for high-performance QDSSCs and supercapacitors. New J. Chem. 2017, 41, 10037–10047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J.Y.; Jung, J.H.; Lee, D.E.; Joo, J. Enhancement of electrical conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) by a change of solvents. Synth. Met. 2002, 126, 311–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tian, J.; Lin, B.; Sun, Y.; Zhang, X.; Yang, H. Porous WO3@CuO composites derived from polyoxometalates@metal organic frameworks for supercapacitor. Mater. Lett. 2017, 206, 91–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramesh, S.; Haldorai, Y.; Sivasamy, A.; Kim, H.S. Nanostructured Co3O4/nitrogen doped carbon nanotube composites for high-performance supercapacitors. Mater. Lett. 2017, 206, 39–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, K.S.; Park, C.W.; Kim, J.D. Synthesis of ZnO/Activated Carbon with High Surface Area for Supercapacitor Electrodes. 2018. Available online: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927775718305946 (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Sasirekha, C.; Arumugam, S.; Muralidharan, G. Green synthesis of ZnO/carbon (ZnO/C) as an electrode material for symmetric supercapacitor devices. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2018, 449, 521–527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saranya, M.; Ramachandran, R.; Wang, F. Graphene-zinc oxide (G-ZnO) nanocomposite for electrochemical supercapacitor applications. J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Dev. 2016, 1, 454–460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Current Densities (mA) | Z (F g−1) | ZN (F g−1) | ZNP (F g−1) | ZNPM (F g−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 24.77 | 919.44 | 1716.08 | 2072.52 |
10 | 20.68 | 871.71 | 1700.57 | 1900.57 |
20 | 13.02 | 779.37 | 1519.02 | 1697.02 |
30 | 10.40 | 765.08 | 1239.6 | 1459.31 |
40 | 5.37 | 735.54 | 1134.17 | 1205.22 |
50 | 2.15 | 667.42 | 1034.14 | 1152.04 |
60 | 1.23 | 632.22 | 939.94 | 1064.5 |
70 | 0.7 | 596.4 | 850.4 | 940.21 |
80 | 0.57 | 537.82 | 806.62 | 987.74 |
90 | 0.51 | 480.34 | 680.14 | 813.65 |
100 | 0.45 | 450.57 | 620.57 | 851.32 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Himanshu; Rao, S.S.; Punnoose, D.; Sathishkumar, P.; Gopi, C.V.V.M.; Bandari, N.; Durga, I.K.; Krishna, T.N.V.; Kim, H.-J. Development of Novel and Ultra-High-Performance Supercapacitor Based on a Four Layered Unique Structure. Electronics 2018, 7, 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7070121
Himanshu, Rao SS, Punnoose D, Sathishkumar P, Gopi CVVM, Bandari N, Durga IK, Krishna TNV, Kim H-J. Development of Novel and Ultra-High-Performance Supercapacitor Based on a Four Layered Unique Structure. Electronics. 2018; 7(7):121. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7070121
Chicago/Turabian StyleHimanshu, S. Srinivasa Rao, Dinah Punnoose, P. Sathishkumar, Chandu V. V. Muralee Gopi, Naresh Bandari, Ikkurthi Kanaka Durga, T. N. V. Krishna, and Hee-Je Kim. 2018. "Development of Novel and Ultra-High-Performance Supercapacitor Based on a Four Layered Unique Structure" Electronics 7, no. 7: 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7070121