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Electronics
Volume 15
Issue 2
10.3390/electronics15020358
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Underwater Acoustic Data Transmission in the Presence of Challenging Multipath Conditions and Shadow Zones: Sea Trial Analysis and Lessons Learned

by
Jacopo Lazzarin
1,*,
Antonio Montanari
1,
Diego Spinosa
1,
Davide Cosimo
2,3,
Riccardo Costanzi
2,
Filippo Campagnaro
1,4 and
Michele Zorzi
1,4
1
Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
2
Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
3
Centro di Supporto e Sperimentazione Navale (CSSN)—Italian Navy, Viale S. Bartolomeo 400, 19126 La Spezia, Italy
4
SubSeaPulse SRL, Via Edoardo Plinio Masini 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2026, 15(2), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15020358
Submission received: 30 November 2025 / Revised: 4 January 2026 / Accepted: 7 January 2026 / Published: 13 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Audio, Speech and Music Processing and Analysis, 2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

In comparison to traditional wired and wireless communication scenarios, the underwater channel is peculiar, being significantly more difficult for communication and presenting a unique set of features and impairments, thus necessitating special care in selecting ad hoc encoding and modulation technologies to achieve successful transmissions. This process can be aided by simulations, which can be effectively carried out only using a good, detailed channel model validated through sea measurements. This study presents the results of a sea measurement campaign run in May 2024 off the Gulf of La Spezia, Italy, characterized by challenging shallow water conditions and the presence of shadow zones. The collected data is then used to model a simulated channel as faithful as possible to the one experienced during the sea trial. The obtained channel is then used to carry out a comparison of different forward error correction (FEC) codes, highlighting each scheme’s performance in our working context. Conclusive results show that a satisfactory simulated channel was obtained and that a different choice of FEC schemes could have improved the performance of the underwater acoustic communication.
Keywords: underwater; acoustic; underwater sounding; Bellhop; channel modeling; FEC underwater; acoustic; underwater sounding; Bellhop; channel modeling; FEC

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Lazzarin, J.; Montanari, A.; Spinosa, D.; Cosimo, D.; Costanzi, R.; Campagnaro, F.; Zorzi, M. Underwater Acoustic Data Transmission in the Presence of Challenging Multipath Conditions and Shadow Zones: Sea Trial Analysis and Lessons Learned. Electronics 2026, 15, 358. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15020358

AMA Style

Lazzarin J, Montanari A, Spinosa D, Cosimo D, Costanzi R, Campagnaro F, Zorzi M. Underwater Acoustic Data Transmission in the Presence of Challenging Multipath Conditions and Shadow Zones: Sea Trial Analysis and Lessons Learned. Electronics. 2026; 15(2):358. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15020358

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lazzarin, Jacopo, Antonio Montanari, Diego Spinosa, Davide Cosimo, Riccardo Costanzi, Filippo Campagnaro, and Michele Zorzi. 2026. "Underwater Acoustic Data Transmission in the Presence of Challenging Multipath Conditions and Shadow Zones: Sea Trial Analysis and Lessons Learned" Electronics 15, no. 2: 358. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15020358

APA Style

Lazzarin, J., Montanari, A., Spinosa, D., Cosimo, D., Costanzi, R., Campagnaro, F., & Zorzi, M. (2026). Underwater Acoustic Data Transmission in the Presence of Challenging Multipath Conditions and Shadow Zones: Sea Trial Analysis and Lessons Learned. Electronics, 15(2), 358. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15020358

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