B-COTD: A Blockchain-Assisted Computation Offloading Strategy Based on TD3 Algorithm

With the rise of computation-intensive and latency-sensitive applications in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), vehicles face increasing computational pressure. Computation offloading has become a key strategy for enhancing processing capabilities. Meanwhile, growing IoV data traffic raises security and reliability concerns. Existing blockchain-based solutions secure data transmission but overlook added delay and energy costs, increasing overall system cost. To address this issue, a blockchain-assisted computation offloading strategy based on Twin Delayed Deterministic Policy Gradient (TD3) (B-COTD) is proposed. Specifically, the offloading strategy selection is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem considering latency, energy consumption, and blockchain costs, with the Delegated Byzantine Fault Tolerance (DBFT) algorithm ensuring the security of the offloading process. The TD3 algorithm solves this optimization problem, achieving efficient task offloading. Extensive experiments show that B-COTD improves overall performance, with the total system cost reduced by approximately 23.89% on average and the offloading success rate increased by about 11.02%.