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Volume 15
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10.3390/electronics15010182
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Adaptive Primary Frequency Regulation Control Strategy for Doubly Fed Wind Turbine Based on Hybrid Ultracapacitor Energy Storage and Its Performance Optimization

by
Geng Niu
1,*,
Lijuan Hu
1,
Nan Zheng
1,
Yu Ji
1,
Ming Wu
1,
Peisheng Shi
2 and
Xiangwu Yan
2
1
State Grid Shanghai Energy Interconnection Research Institute, Shanghai 201203, China
2
Hebei Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Storage and Microgrid, North China Electric Power University Baoding, Baoding 071003, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2026, 15(1), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15010182 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 26 November 2025 / Revised: 24 December 2025 / Accepted: 29 December 2025 / Published: 30 December 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

The large-scale integration of doubly fed wind turbines reduces the inertia level of power systems and increases the risk of frequency instability. This paper analyzes the performance characteristics and application ranges of different types of energy storage technologies and addresses the limitations of conventional control methods, which cannot adjust energy storage power output in real time according to frequency variations and may hinder frequency recovery during the restoration stage. Based on a grid-forming doubly fed wind turbine model, this study adopts a hybrid ultracapacitor energy storage system as the auxiliary storage device. The hybrid configuration increases energy density and extends the effective support duration of the storage system, thereby meeting the requirements of longer-term frequency regulation. Furthermore, the paper proposes an adaptive inertia control strategy that combines an improved variable-K droop control with adaptive virtual inertia control to enhance the stability of doubly fed wind turbines under load fluctuations. Simulation studies conducted in MATLAB 2022/Simulink demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves frequency stability in load disturbance scenarios. The strategy not only strengthens the frequency support capability of grid-connected wind turbine units but also accelerates frequency recovery, which plays an important role in maintaining power system frequency stability.
Keywords: wind turbine; frequency control; hybrid ultracapacitor energy storage; adaptive inertia control wind turbine; frequency control; hybrid ultracapacitor energy storage; adaptive inertia control

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MDPI and ACS Style

Niu, G.; Hu, L.; Zheng, N.; Ji, Y.; Wu, M.; Shi, P.; Yan, X. Adaptive Primary Frequency Regulation Control Strategy for Doubly Fed Wind Turbine Based on Hybrid Ultracapacitor Energy Storage and Its Performance Optimization. Electronics 2026, 15, 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15010182

AMA Style

Niu G, Hu L, Zheng N, Ji Y, Wu M, Shi P, Yan X. Adaptive Primary Frequency Regulation Control Strategy for Doubly Fed Wind Turbine Based on Hybrid Ultracapacitor Energy Storage and Its Performance Optimization. Electronics. 2026; 15(1):182. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15010182

Chicago/Turabian Style

Niu, Geng, Lijuan Hu, Nan Zheng, Yu Ji, Ming Wu, Peisheng Shi, and Xiangwu Yan. 2026. "Adaptive Primary Frequency Regulation Control Strategy for Doubly Fed Wind Turbine Based on Hybrid Ultracapacitor Energy Storage and Its Performance Optimization" Electronics 15, no. 1: 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15010182

APA Style

Niu, G., Hu, L., Zheng, N., Ji, Y., Wu, M., Shi, P., & Yan, X. (2026). Adaptive Primary Frequency Regulation Control Strategy for Doubly Fed Wind Turbine Based on Hybrid Ultracapacitor Energy Storage and Its Performance Optimization. Electronics, 15(1), 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15010182

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