Collaborative Online Learning-Based Distributed Handover Scheme in Hybrid VLC/RF 5G Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. System Model
3. Collaborative Online Learning-Based Handover Scheme
3.1. MAB-Based AP Selection Module
3.2. Feedback Sharing Module
Algorithm 1: The Proposed COLH |
1: Input: exploration parameter . 2: Init: , and . 3: while The handover of any user is triggered by A2 do 4: Record current time . 5: Idenitify context vector set . FBS module: 6: for all do 7: Compute neighborhood for AP according to (12). 8: Set and according to (13) and (14), resp. 9: end for 10: Distribute the cluster-level to the BAPS. BAPS module: 11: Select AP according to (8) and handover user to this AP. 12: Observe reward at the user n’s next handover trigger time . 13: Update , , and according to (9), (10), (11), resp. 14: Share and with the FBS. |
4. Performance Evaluation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AP | Access point |
ANH | Average number of handover |
ALT | Average lasting time |
BAPS | Based AP selection |
COLH | Collaborative online learning-based handover |
CBA | Clustering of bandits approach |
CC | Central controller |
CCI | Co-channel interference |
FHO | Frequent handovers |
FBS | Feedback sharing |
LiFi | Light fidelity |
MAB | Multi-armed bandit |
NCOLH | Non-collaborative online learning-based handover |
VLC/RF | Visible light communication/radio frequency |
VLC | Visible light communication |
RF | Radio frequency |
RWP | Random waypoint mobility |
RFH | Rate-first handover |
WiFi | Wireless fidelity |
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Maimaiti, S.; Huang, S.; Zhang, K.; Liu, X.; Xu, Z.; Mi, J. Collaborative Online Learning-Based Distributed Handover Scheme in Hybrid VLC/RF 5G Systems. Electronics 2025, 14, 1142. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14061142
Maimaiti S, Huang S, Zhang K, Liu X, Xu Z, Mi J. Collaborative Online Learning-Based Distributed Handover Scheme in Hybrid VLC/RF 5G Systems. Electronics. 2025; 14(6):1142. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14061142
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaimaiti, Saidiwaerdi, Shuman Huang, Kaisa Zhang, Xuewen Liu, Zhiwei Xu, and Jihang Mi. 2025. "Collaborative Online Learning-Based Distributed Handover Scheme in Hybrid VLC/RF 5G Systems" Electronics 14, no. 6: 1142. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14061142
APA StyleMaimaiti, S., Huang, S., Zhang, K., Liu, X., Xu, Z., & Mi, J. (2025). Collaborative Online Learning-Based Distributed Handover Scheme in Hybrid VLC/RF 5G Systems. Electronics, 14(6), 1142. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14061142