How Do Incentive Policy and Benefit Distribution Affect the Cooperative Development Mechanism of Intelligent Connected Vehicles? A Tripartite Evolutionary Game Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Does high government investment in infrastructure contribute to the long-term cooperative development of ICVs?
- (2)
- How does the amount of government subsidies affect the cross-border innovation cooperation between carmakers and technology companies?
- (3)
- How do carmakers and technology companies decide on the profit distribution to achieve the best combination of strategies, with the government’s industrial incentive policies? Who holds the dominant position during the cooperation process?
2. Related Studies
3. Methodology
4. Evolutionary Game Model
4.1. Market Structure
4.2. Model Assumptions
4.3. Model Framework
5. Model Analysis
5.1. Equilibrium Points
5.2. ESS Analysis
- ,
- ,
- ,
- ,
- ,
- ,
- , and
- .
5.3. Empirical Analysis and Simulation
6. Sensitivity Analysis and Discussion
6.1. Infrastructure Investment
6.2. Subsidy Intensity
6.3. Benefit Distribution Ratio
7. Conclusions and Management Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Carmakers | Technology Companies | The Specifics and Forms of Cooperation |
---|---|---|
SAIC Motor | Alibaba |
|
Chana Automobile | Baidu | |
Dongfeng Motor | Tencent | |
BAIC Group | Huawei |
Selections | Governments | Carmakers | Technology Companies |
---|---|---|---|
(I, C, C) | |||
(I, C, NC) | |||
(I, NC, C) | |||
(I, NC, NC) | |||
(NI, C, C) | |||
(NI, C, NC) | |||
(NI, NC, C) | |||
(NI, NC, NC) |
EPs | |||
---|---|---|---|
Key Parameter | Initial Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
30 | hundred million yuan | |
10 | hundred million yuan | |
0.45 | % | |
2 | % | |
1.75 | % | |
0.5 | % | |
0.5 | % | |
8 | hundred million yuan | |
9 | hundred million yuan | |
11 | hundred million yuan | |
5.4 | hundred million yuan | |
6.6 | hundred million yuan | |
0.65 | % | |
0.65 | % | |
3.6 | hundred million yuan | |
4.4 | hundred million yuan | |
0.5 | % | |
0.3 | % |
NO | Date | Policy | Key Points | Parameter Setting |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2008 | Notice of the State of Taxation Administration on Administrative Measures for the Pre-Tax Deduction of Enterprise R&D Expenses (for Trial Implementation) (Guo Shui Fa [2008] No. 116) [76] | Allows enterprises to deduct eligible R&D expenses plus 50% in the current year. | |
2 | 2018 | Notice of the Ministry of Finance, the State Taxation Administration and the Ministry of Science and Technology on Improving the Pre-Tax Super Deduction Ratio of R&D Expenses (Caishui [2018] No. 99) [67] | Expand the super deduction rate of eligible R&D expenses from 50% to 75% for all enterprises. | |
3 | 2021 | Announcement of the Ministry of Finance and the State Taxation Administration on Further Improving the Policy for Pre-Tax Additional Deductions for R&D Expenses (MOF STA Announcement [2021] No. 13) [69] | Increase the ratio of additional deductions on manufacturing enterprises’ R&D expenses from 75% to 100%. | |
4 | 2023 | Announcement of the Ministry of Finance and the State Taxation Administration on Further Improving the Pre-Tax Super Deduction Policy for R&D Expenses (STA MOF Announcement [2023] No. 7) [77] | Increase the pre-tax additional deduction ratio of R&D expenses for eligible enterprises from 75% to 100%. |
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Zhang, R.; Xie, Y.; Li, Y.; Chen, Q.; Wang, Q. How Do Incentive Policy and Benefit Distribution Affect the Cooperative Development Mechanism of Intelligent Connected Vehicles? A Tripartite Evolutionary Game Approach. Electronics 2025, 14, 2042. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14102042
Zhang R, Xie Y, Li Y, Chen Q, Wang Q. How Do Incentive Policy and Benefit Distribution Affect the Cooperative Development Mechanism of Intelligent Connected Vehicles? A Tripartite Evolutionary Game Approach. Electronics. 2025; 14(10):2042. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14102042
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Rui, Yanxi Xie, Yuewen Li, Qingfeng Chen, and Qiaosong Wang. 2025. "How Do Incentive Policy and Benefit Distribution Affect the Cooperative Development Mechanism of Intelligent Connected Vehicles? A Tripartite Evolutionary Game Approach" Electronics 14, no. 10: 2042. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14102042
APA StyleZhang, R., Xie, Y., Li, Y., Chen, Q., & Wang, Q. (2025). How Do Incentive Policy and Benefit Distribution Affect the Cooperative Development Mechanism of Intelligent Connected Vehicles? A Tripartite Evolutionary Game Approach. Electronics, 14(10), 2042. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14102042