Operation and Coordinated Energy Management in Multi-Microgrids for Improved and Resilient Distributed Energy Resource Integration in Power Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The networked microgrid was studied and tested under different scenarios in both simulation and experiment.
- The development and experimental testing of an energy management system to maintain a networked microgrid’s continuous operation under various renewable energy and load conditions, depending on which energy devices are available and how much power the load needs.
- The proposed system architecture provides high performance against pulse loads and variable loads.
2. System Architecture and Modeling
2.1. Proposed Multi-Microgrid System Structure
2.2. Microgrid System
2.2.1. PV System Model
2.2.2. Battery System Model
2.2.3. Bidirectional DC-DC Converter
2.2.4. Microgrid Energy Management System
Algorithm 1: Microgrid EMS |
Initialize Pres (Power Gen), Pload (Load Demand) |
Calculate NetExtra = Pres − Pload |
If NetExtra > 0: |
Calculate Charge = min(NetExtra, ESS Capacity) |
Charge ESS with Calculated energy |
If NetExtra < 0 |
Calculate Discharge = min(-NetExtra, ESS Capacity) |
Discharge ESS to meet load demand |
Calculate Pavai considering ESS charge or discharge |
End |
2.3. Multi-Microgrid Operation
- Mode 1: When the generated power from the microgrids’ PV systems surpasses the local load demand of the two microgrids, resulting in a positive net generation, the system initiates Mode 1. Within this mode, it delves into each microgrid’s internal generation and load profiles. A positive balance within a microgrid ensures that each load receives the required power, and any remaining surplus is sent into the energy storage system (ESS). If there is still an excess of power after ESS charging, the PV systems transition into a Proportional-Integral (PI) control mode instead of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT).
- Mode 2: When the generated power from the microgrids’ PV systems falls short of meeting the local load demand of the two microgrids, resulting in a negative net generation, Mode 2 is activated. Within this mode, the system carefully evaluates Microgrid 1 and Microgrid 2. If one microgrid experiences a positive balance of generation and load, it shares power resources with the other microgrid, helping it meet its demand. However, if both microgrids are in deficit, the system initiates the disconnection of a secondary load in Microgrid 2 to restore power balance and ensure system stability.
- Mode 3: In this mode, when the generated power from the microgrids’ PV systems exceeds the local load demand plus the external load of the two microgrids, the system optimally allocates power resources. It first evaluates the power generation and local load within each microgrid, ensuring that excess power, if any, is appropriately distributed to meet local load requirements. Any surplus energy beyond local needs is then directed to supply the external load. The power source in this mode is a combination of PV and energy storage systems (ESSs), allowing for efficient energy sharing and utilization.
- Mode 4: When the generated power from the microgrids’ PV systems falls short of meeting the local load and external load demands for the two microgrids, the system employs a strategy to balance the power deficit. It assesses each microgrid’s generation and load profiles, identifying which has a surplus and which faces a deficit. If one microgrid generates excess power, it shares it with the other microgrid to support its load demands, including the external load. In cases where both microgrids experience power deficits, the system initiates the disconnection of a secondary load in Microgrid 2 to ensure that the power supply remains stable.
3. Simulation and Operation Results
Simulation Results
- ➢
- External Pulse load connected:
- ➢
- External variable load connected
- ➢
- Generation deficit
4. Hardware and Experimental Test Results
4.1. Experimental Setup
4.2. Scenario 1: External Pulse Load
4.3. Scenario 2: External Variable Load
4.4. Scenario 3: Generation Deficit
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Aspect | Conventional Power Grid | Single Microgrid | Multi-Microgrid |
---|---|---|---|
Power Distribution | Centralized to a large region | Localized to a specific area | Efficient across linked microgrids |
Resilience | Robust but vulnerable to outages | Susceptible to single failures | Resilient to local disturbances |
Flexibility | Centralized control and limited adaptability | Limited flexibility | Balances loads across microgrids |
Control and Monitoring | Centralized control with extensive infrastructure | Essential for stability | Requires comprehensive monitoring |
Handling Pulse Loads | May experiences stability issues with high-intensity pulse loads | May face challenges due to sudden load changes | Adapts well to dynamic changes |
Environmental Impact | May have higher environmental impact, especially with non-renewable sources | Impact depends on local resources | Potentially lower impact due to efficient use of local renewables |
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Aghmadi, A.; Mohammed, O.A. Operation and Coordinated Energy Management in Multi-Microgrids for Improved and Resilient Distributed Energy Resource Integration in Power Systems. Electronics 2024, 13, 358. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13020358
Aghmadi A, Mohammed OA. Operation and Coordinated Energy Management in Multi-Microgrids for Improved and Resilient Distributed Energy Resource Integration in Power Systems. Electronics. 2024; 13(2):358. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13020358
Chicago/Turabian StyleAghmadi, Ahmed, and Osama A. Mohammed. 2024. "Operation and Coordinated Energy Management in Multi-Microgrids for Improved and Resilient Distributed Energy Resource Integration in Power Systems" Electronics 13, no. 2: 358. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13020358
APA StyleAghmadi, A., & Mohammed, O. A. (2024). Operation and Coordinated Energy Management in Multi-Microgrids for Improved and Resilient Distributed Energy Resource Integration in Power Systems. Electronics, 13(2), 358. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13020358