Controller Design for Autonomous Direct Current Microgrid Operation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Works
- , the energy storage element (battery).
- , the battery current.
- , the converter’s main switches.
- , the high-frequency diode, which serves to control current circulation.
- , the converter’s main inductor.
- , the converter’s output filter capacitor.
- , the constant power load impedance.
3. DC Microgrid Modeling
3.1. Current Loop Transfer Function
3.2. Voltage Loop Transfer Function
4. Controller Design
- where
- is the transfer function of the current controller.
- is the transfer function of the voltage controller.
- ) is the transfer function of the current in the inductor in relation to the duty cycle.
- is the transfer function of the to the inductor current, expressed by (19).
- is the digital delay, expressed by (20).
- is the current sensor gain.
- is the voltage sensor gain.
4.1. Current Control Design
PI Current Controller Design
4.2. Voltage Loop Controller
4.2.1. PI Voltage Controller Design
4.2.2. Modified PID Controller Design
- The proportional controller () is initially designed in the internal voltage loop for a frequency lower than the frequency current loop controller (1 kHz). It is important to mention that a gain sweep () was performed in an interval of 0.3 to 1.5 for this control, aiming to validate its performance in the frequency domain and the time domain.
- Once the internal loop voltage controller () is designed, the external loop controller is designed with a control configuration for a crossover frequency lower than the internal loop controller crossover frequency, maintaining the Nyquist stability criteria mentioned in Section 4.1.
5. Tests and Results Obtained by Simulations
- Tests with variable local load and constant CPL power, using a PI controller in the current loop and a PI controller in the voltage loop.
- Tests with constant local load and variable CPL power, using a PI controller in the current loop and a PI controller in the voltage loop.
- Tests with linear local load, constant CPL power, and variable non-linear load, using a PI control in the current loop and a PI controller in the voltage loop.
5.1. Tests with PI Controller in the Current Loop and PI in the Voltage Loop
5.1.1. Test 1
5.1.2. Test 2
5.1.3. Test 3
5.2. Tests with PI Controller in the Current Loop and Modified PI-P in the Voltage Loop
5.2.1. Test 1
5.2.2. Test 2
5.2.3. Test 3
6. Analysis of Results
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Description | Parameter | Value | Units |
---|---|---|---|
Converter output voltage | 200 | V | |
DC_Link Voltage | 200 | V | |
Input voltage | 100 | V | |
Switching frequency | 10 | kHz | |
Duty cycle | 0.8 | ---- | |
Battery inductance | 2 | ||
Battery parasitic resistance | 0.04 | ||
Input capacitance | 1000 | ||
Input capacitor parasitic resistance | 0.074 | ||
Converter input inductance | 2.2 | ||
Converter inductor parasitic resistance | 0.04 | ||
Converter output capacitance | 2700 | ||
Converter output capacitor parasitic resistance | 0.1 | ||
Converter output inductance | 0.1 | ||
Converter output inductor parasitic resistance | 0.1 | ||
Converter output equivalent capacitance | 5600 | ||
Converter output equivalent capacitance parasitic resistance | 0.1 | ||
Load impedance | 60 | ||
CPL power | 1.2 | ||
CPL impedance | −33.33333 | ||
CPL current | iCPL | 6.0 | A |
Converter output current | 3.333 | A | |
Inductor current | 6.666 | A | |
Converter input impedance | Zin | 0.04 | |
Converter output impedance | Zvo | 0.1 |
Controller | VDC_LINK (V) | ILOAD (A) | ICPL (A) | WLOAD (Watts) | WCPL (Watts) | WBAT (Watts) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modified PID | 200 | 5 to 30 | −12 | 1000 to 6000 | −2400 | −1200 to 4200 |
PI | 200 | 5 to 35 | −11 | 1000 to 5943 | −2426 | −1328 to 4581 |
Controller | VDC_LINK (V) | ILOAD (A) | ICPL (A) | WLOAD (Watts) | WCPL (Watts) | WBAT (Watts) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modified PID | 200 | 10 | −4 to −40 | 2000 | −800 to −7500 | 1200 to −4200 |
PI | 200 | 10 | −4 to −40 | 2000 | −800 to −7495 | 1280 to −4370 |
Controller | VDC_LINK (V) | ITOTAL_LOAD (A) | ILINEAR (A) | INONLIEAR (A) | ICPL (A) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modified PID | 200 | 8.0 to 22 | 5 | 3.0 to 20 | −12 |
PI | 200 | 9.6 to 24.2 | 5 | 2.53 to19.87 | −12 |
Controller | WTOTAL (Watts) | WLINEAR (Watts) | WNONLINEAR (Watts) | WCPL (Watts) | WBAT (Watts) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modified PID | 1600 to 4600 | 1000 | 500 to 3800 | −2400 | −1300 to 1600 |
PI | 1696 to 4845 | 1000 | 696 to 3846 | −2430 | −1338 to 1800 |
Reference | Contributions |
---|---|
[9] | A model predictive control (MPC) approach is presented to address the destabilization problem and mitigate the destructive effect of CPLs. This leads to a robust control approach and widens the system stability margin. |
[10] | A novel robust controller based on linear programming and Chebyshev’s theorem is described. The proposed controller aims to regulate the DC bus voltage, ensuring the MG stability due to the power-variation effects on the CPLs. |
[11] | Advanced control technologies for bidirectional DC/DC converters in DC microgrids are described, and the stability problem caused by the CPL is analyzed, which motivates the use of this control technique. |
[12] | This study describes how current mode control provides a suitable solution for regulating boost converters with constant power loads. Also, the corresponding small signal transfer functions are calculated for the different microgrid controller designs. |
[13] | An autonomous control scheme is proposed for a bidirectional direct current converter (BDC) in a DC microgrid. The proposed scheme is based on V2-P droop control and unifies microgrid bus voltage and power regulations in a control structure. Therefore, a smooth transition between different modes of operation is presented. |
[14] | This describes a bidirectional DC-DC converter control scheme for an energy storage system (ESS) that solves problems associated with the microgrid operation mode changes. |
[15] | The novel concept of a highly versatile power electronics smart interface for fast implementation of residential DC microgrids is presented. The power flow control system is highly efficient and bidirectional over a wide operating voltage range. |
[16] | A comprehensive multiple architectures and topologies review of power electronic converters is presented and describes the detailed classification and analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of these topologies. |
[17] | DC microgrid control with variable energy generation and storage is described, and a three-level autonomous control strategy for DC microgrids is proposed. |
[18] | The control design and management strategy for a backup diesel generator (DG), a renewable energy source (RES), and an energy storage system that allows you to maintain the microgrid bus voltages within the established limits is presented. |
[19] | The robust control methods review for hybrid AC and DC microgrids with different topologies and different types of interconnections to conventional power systems is presented. |
[Present work] | This work contributes by considering parasitic elements in the microgrid model and designing an effective controller for the voltage loop (modified-PID) to supply a constant and regulated voltage to the linear and non-linear local load. Additionally, it manages the energy drawn from CPL and controls the charging and discharging of the main battery. |
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Sánchez, H.A.; Ortega, R.; Carranza, O.; Rodríguez, J.J.; García, V.H.; Ortega, L.M.; Memije, D. Controller Design for Autonomous Direct Current Microgrid Operation. Electronics 2024, 13, 2943. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13152943
Sánchez HA, Ortega R, Carranza O, Rodríguez JJ, García VH, Ortega LM, Memije D. Controller Design for Autonomous Direct Current Microgrid Operation. Electronics. 2024; 13(15):2943. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13152943
Chicago/Turabian StyleSánchez, Hernán A., Rubén Ortega, Oscar Carranza, Jaime J. Rodríguez, Víctor H. García, Luis M. Ortega, and Daniel Memije. 2024. "Controller Design for Autonomous Direct Current Microgrid Operation" Electronics 13, no. 15: 2943. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13152943
APA StyleSánchez, H. A., Ortega, R., Carranza, O., Rodríguez, J. J., García, V. H., Ortega, L. M., & Memije, D. (2024). Controller Design for Autonomous Direct Current Microgrid Operation. Electronics, 13(15), 2943. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13152943