Facial Skin Lifting and Brightening Following Sleep on Copper Oxide Containing Pillowcases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Test Items
2.2. Test Procedures
2.3. Evaluation of Facial and Eye Skin Lifting
2.4. Measurement of Skin Brightness
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of Study Participants
3.2. Evaluation of Facial (Cheek) and Eye Skin Lifting
3.3. Evaluation of Skin Brightness
3.4. Adverse Reactions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Selection Criteria | Exclusion Criteria |
---|---|
|
|
Parameter | Grade | Control Group | Test Group | p Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency (n) | Percentage (%) | Frequency (n) | Percentage (%) | Chi-Square Test | Likelihood Ratio Test | ||
Skin Type | Dry | 8 | 34.78 | 11 | 50 | 0.341 | 0.248 |
Normal | 7 | 30.43 | 4 | 18.18 | |||
Oily | 2 | 8.70 | 0 | 0.00 | |||
Dry and oily | 6 | 26.09 | 7 | 31.82 | |||
Problematic | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | |||
Hydration | Sufficient | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.436 | 0.436 |
Normal | 11 | 47.83 | 8 | 36.36 | |||
Deficient | 12 | 52.17 | 14 | 63.64 | |||
Sebum | Glossy | 2 | 8.70 | 4 | 18.18 | 0.585 | 0.581 |
Normal | 12 | 52.17 | 9 | 40.91 | |||
Deficient | 9 | 39.13 | 9 | 40.91 | |||
Surface | Smooth | 6 | 26.09 | 2 | 9.09 | 0.223 | 0.210 |
Normal | 13 | 56.52 | 18 | 81.82 | |||
Rough | 4 | 17.39 | 2 | 9.09 | |||
Thickness | Thin | 8 | 34.78 | 10 | 45.45 | 0.178 | 0.169 |
Normal | 14 | 60.87 | 10 | 45.45 | |||
Thick | 1 | 4.35 | 2 | 9.09 | |||
Time of UV exposure per day | <1 h | 5 | 21.74 | 7 | 31.82 | 0.510 | 0.498 |
1–3 h | 15 | 65.22 | 14 | 63.64 | |||
>3 h | 3 | 13.04 | 1 | 4.55 | |||
Time of sleeping per night | <5 h | 1 | 4.35 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.368 | 0.250 |
5–8 h | 22 | 95.65 | 21 | 95.45 | |||
>8 h | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 4.55 | |||
Sleeping habits | Front side | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.205 | 0.199 |
Left side | 3 | 13.04 | 7 | 31.82 | |||
Right side | 5 | 21.74 | 6 | 27.27 | |||
Both sides | 15 | 65.22 | 9 | 40.91 | |||
Irritability | Yes | 3 | 13.04 | 4 | 18.18 | 0.634 | 0.634 |
No | 20 | 86.96 | 18 | 81.82 | |||
Stinging | Yes | 1 | 4.35 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.323 | 0.243 |
No | 22 | 95.65 | 22 | 100.00 | |||
Smoking | Yes | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
No | 23 | 100.00 | 22 | 100.00 |
Group | Week | Mean 1 | SD 2 | SEM 3 | p-Value 4 | Decrement (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test Group | 0 | 37.79 | 5.09 | 1.09 | – | – |
2 | 37.52 | 5.35 | 1.14 | 0.280 | 0.70 ▼ | |
4 | 37.20 | 4.78 | 1.02 | 0.039 * | 1.56 ▼ | |
Control Group | 0 | 37.95 | 4.64 | 0.97 | – | – |
2 | 38.17 | 4.62 | 0.96 | 0.063 | 0.59 ▲ | |
4 | 38.51 | 4.89 | 1.02 | 0.097 | 1.48 ▲ |
Group | Week | Mean 1 | SD 2 | SEM 3 | p-Value 4 | Decrement (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test Group | 0 | 91.43 | 3.04 | 0.73 | – | – |
2 | 91.86 | 3.19 | 0.68 | 0.011 * | 0.46 ▲ | |
4 | 92.01 | 3.29 | 0.70 | 0.001 * | 0.63 ▲ | |
Control Group | 0 | 91.74 | 3.84 | 0.80 | – | – |
2 | 91.76 | 3.88 | 0.81 | 0.881 | 0.02 ▲ | |
4 | 91.68 | 3.89 | 0.81 | 0.505 | 0.07 ▼ |
Group | Week | Mean 1 | SD 2 | SEM 3 | p-Value 4 | Decrement (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test Group | 0 | 64.15 | 2.30 | 0.49 | – | – |
2 | 64.38 | 2.20 | 0.47 | 0.024 * | 0.37 ▲ | |
4 | 64.44 | 2.26 | 0.48 | 0.008 * | 0.45 ▲ | |
Control Group | 0 | 64.01 | 1.95 | 0.41 | – | – |
2 | 63.91 | 1.94 | 0.40 | 0.108 | 0.15 ▼ | |
4 | 63.93 | 1.84 | 0.38 | 0.139 | 0.13 ▼ |
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Borkow, G.; Del Carmen Elías, A. Facial Skin Lifting and Brightening Following Sleep on Copper Oxide Containing Pillowcases. Cosmetics 2016, 3, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics3030024
Borkow G, Del Carmen Elías A. Facial Skin Lifting and Brightening Following Sleep on Copper Oxide Containing Pillowcases. Cosmetics. 2016; 3(3):24. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics3030024
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorkow, Gadi, and Adriana Del Carmen Elías. 2016. "Facial Skin Lifting and Brightening Following Sleep on Copper Oxide Containing Pillowcases" Cosmetics 3, no. 3: 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics3030024
APA StyleBorkow, G., & Del Carmen Elías, A. (2016). Facial Skin Lifting and Brightening Following Sleep on Copper Oxide Containing Pillowcases. Cosmetics, 3(3), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics3030024