Selective Collection of Municipal Waste in a Residential District with Multi-Family Buildings—Case Study from Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- paper, including cardboard and paper packaging waste;
- glass, including glass packaging waste;
- plastics and metals, including plastic or metal packaging waste and multi-material packaging waste;
- biodegradable waste, particularly bio-waste.
- improper segregation, or lack of segregation of waste;
- contamination of the biodegradable or mixed fraction with construction and packaging waste;
- disposal of bulky waste and scrap tires at waste collection points (WCPs) without respecting the scheduled collection dates for specific waste types;
- disposal of hazardous waste (e.g., waste batteries or rechargeable batteries, expired medications, waste electrical or electronic equipment) in containers for municipal waste;
- large waste volume due to unsquashed PET bottles or unflattened cardboard boxes, which in many cases makes the container capacities too low to hold the total waste amount until the pick-up time;
- poor aesthetics and order maintenance in WCPs and their surroundings;
- insufficient number of containers in WCPs;
- waste collection containers located outside the shelters.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characteristics of the City of Kielce
Residential District Characteristics
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Number of Waste Containers
- twice a week—plastics and metals;
- once a week—paper;
- once every 2 weeks—glass;
- once a week (from April to October) and once every 2 weeks (from November to March)—bio-waste;
- every second day—mixed waste.
2.2.2. Fill Rate for the Above-Ground Containers
2.2.3. Semi-Underground System
- they occupy far less space and space limitations are common in high rise developments;
- they have higher usable capacity than surface containers;
- due to waste compaction, the container capacity can be doubled;
- they offer better aesthetic;
- constant temperature conditions are maintained due to slower degradation of organic waste;
- odour emissions are reduced, especially during the summer season;
- maintenance requirements are reduced;
- containers are protected against vandalism and animals.
2.2.4. Municipal Waste Management in Terms of Efficiency—Selected Aspects
- environmental issues, which include both reducing environmental pollution and the use of non-renewable resources;
- economic—when designing a waste management project, the costs of investment, maintenance and amortisation of the installations, and of associated services, including waste collection and transport, should all be taken into consideration;
- social, which include various obligations imposed on residents who generate waste, including the waste segregation practices recommended by the local administration.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Number of Containers
3.2. Fill Rate of Above-Ground 1.1 m3 Containers
3.3. Selection of the Number of Above-Ground Containers with 1.1 m3 Capacity
3.4. Number of Containers in the Semi-Underground System
3.5. Comparison of Investment and Operating Costs for Two Container Types for Selective Waste Collection
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Waste Fraction/Container Colour Coding | Waste Types |
---|---|
Paper/blue | Paper packaging, cardboard, paperboard, catalogues, leaflets, brochures, newspapers, magazines, school and office paper, printed sheets, notebooks and books, wrapping paper, paper bags and sacks |
Glass/green | Drinks and food bottles and jars, cosmetics glass packaging |
Metals and plastics/yellow | Unscrewed and squashed plastic drinks bottles, bottle tops, plastic food packaging, multi-material packaging, cleaning product packaging, plastic bags, sacks, carrier bags, aluminium drinks and juice cans, food tins, aluminium foil, non-ferrous metals, bottle caps, jar tops and toys |
Bio-degradable waste/brown | Vegetable and fruit waste, tree and bush branches, grass cuttings, leaves, flowers, sawdust and tree bark, food leftovers |
Residual waste/black | Used nappies; hygiene waste; other waste that cannot be placed in the other containers excluding hazardous waste |
Type of Waste | Morphological Composition of Municipal Waste, % Mass |
---|---|
Kitchen and garden waste | 35.33 |
Plastics | 11.30 |
Glass | 10.20 |
Paper and carboard | 9.96 |
Fraction < 10 mm | 6.72 |
Waste from green areas | 5.35 |
Other waste | 4.90 |
Textiles | 4.15 |
Multi-material waste | 4.07 |
Mineral waste | 2.92 |
Bulky waste | 2.62 |
Metals | 1.47 |
Hazardous waste | 0.70 |
Wood | 0.32 |
WCP Number | Number of Inhabitants | Number of Residential Buildings/Building Category |
---|---|---|
1 | 482 | 3/low-rise + 1/high-rise |
2 | 178 | 1/low-rise |
3 | 119 | 1/low-rise |
4 | 251 | 1/high-rise |
5 | 257 | 1/high-rise |
6 | 257 | 1/high-rise |
7 | 425 | 1/high-rise |
8 | 341 | 3/low-rise |
9 | 195 | 2/low-rise |
10 | 206 | 2/low-rise |
11 | 285 | 3/low-rise |
12 | 137 | 1/low-rise |
13 | 319 | 2/low-rise |
14 | 310 | 3/low-rise |
15 | 308 | 3/low-rise |
16 | 89 | 1/low-rise |
17 | 143 | 2/low-rise |
18 | 179 | 2/low-rise |
19 | 263 | 1/low-rise + 1/high-rise |
20 | 271 | 3/low-rise |
21 | 122 | 1/high-rise |
22 | 242 | 2/high-rise |
23 | 122 | 1/high-rise |
24 | 253 | 3/low-rise |
25 | 262 | 3/low-rise |
26 | 69 | 1/low-rise |
Number WCP | Number of Above-Ground Containers | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mixed Waste | Metals and Plastics | Glass | Paper | Bio-Waste | |
1 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
2 * | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
3 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
4 * | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
5 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
6 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
7 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
8 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
9 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
10 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
11 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
12 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
13 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
14 * | 7 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
15 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
16 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
17 * | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
18 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
19 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
20 * | 6 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
21 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
22 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
23 * | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
24 * | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
25 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
26 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Total | 140 | 64 | 33 | 30 | 28 |
WCP Number | Mixed Waste | Metals and Plastics | Glass | Bio-Waste | Paper | Total CNC * | Total PNC ** | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CNC * | PNC ** | CNC * | PNC ** | CNC * | PNC ** | CNC * | PNC ** | CNC * | PNC ** | |||
1 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 10 | 14 |
2 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 11 | 7 |
3 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 17 | 10 |
4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 9 |
5 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 15 | 12 |
6 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 10 |
7 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 14 | 14 |
8 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 11 | 11 |
9 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 9 |
10 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 7 |
11 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 15 | 12 |
12 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 6 |
13 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 12 | 10 |
14 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 13 | 11 |
15 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 9 |
16 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 6 |
17 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 10 | 6 |
18 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 7 |
19 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 9 |
20 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 14 | 10 |
21 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 11 | 6 |
22 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 9 |
23 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 6 |
24 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 13 | 10 |
25 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 10 |
26 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 5 |
Total | 208 | 112 | 100 | 64 | 56 | 67 | 43 | 43 | 47 | 70 | 454 | 356 |
WCP Number | Mixed Waste | Metals and Plastics | Paper | Glass | Bio-Waste |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 (3) | 1 (5) + 1 (3) | 1 (5) + 1 (3) | 1 (5) + 1 (3) | 2 (5) |
2 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 1 (5) |
3 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) |
4 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) |
5 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) |
6 | 1 (3) | 1 (5) + 1 (3) | 1 (5) + 1 (1.5) | 1 (5) + 1 (1.5) | 1 (5) + 1 (3) |
7 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) |
8 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (3) | 1 (5) |
9 | 1 (3) | 1 (5) + 1 (1.5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) + 1 (1.5) |
10 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (5) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 1 (5) |
11 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) + 1 (1.5) |
12 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) |
13 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) + 1 (1.5) |
14 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) |
15 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 1 (5) |
16 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (3) |
17 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 1 (5) |
18 | 1 (3) | 1 (5) + 1 (1.5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) + 1 (1.5) |
19 | 1 (3) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) + 1 (1.5) |
20 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) |
21 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) |
22 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) |
23 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) |
24 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) |
25 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) |
26 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) |
Variant I Above-Ground Containers | Value of Costs (in PLN) | Variant II Semi-Underground Containers | Value of Costs (in PLN) |
---|---|---|---|
Costs of extending the bin shelters (currently costs relate to the extension of 2 shelters) a | 172,200.00 | Investment costs of semi-underground containers including installation f | 1,830,301.90 |
Annual costs of collection, transport, recovery and disposal of municipal waste (2020) b | 705,840.50 | Annual costs of collection, transport, recovery and disposal of municipal waste (2020) g | 327,210.00 |
Annual costs of cleaning above-ground containers and bin shelters (charged as part of a cleaning lump sum) c | 78,000.00 | Annual costs for cleaning and disinfecting semi-underground containers h | 15,600.00 |
Annual costs of insurance of bin shelters and above-ground containers (lump sum in property property insurance arranged by the Housing Association) d | 15.00 | Annual insurance costs for semi-underground containers i | 5200.00 |
Annual costs related to environmental education of the residents in proper municipal waste practices e | 0.00 | Annual costs related to environmental education of the residents in proper municipal waste practices e | 0.00 |
SUM | 56,055.50 | SUM | 2,178,311.90 |
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Latosińska, J.; Miłek, D.; Komór, A.; Kowalik, R. Selective Collection of Municipal Waste in a Residential District with Multi-Family Buildings—Case Study from Poland. Resources 2021, 10, 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10080083
Latosińska J, Miłek D, Komór A, Kowalik R. Selective Collection of Municipal Waste in a Residential District with Multi-Family Buildings—Case Study from Poland. Resources. 2021; 10(8):83. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10080083
Chicago/Turabian StyleLatosińska, Jolanta, Dorota Miłek, Angelika Komór, and Robert Kowalik. 2021. "Selective Collection of Municipal Waste in a Residential District with Multi-Family Buildings—Case Study from Poland" Resources 10, no. 8: 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10080083
APA StyleLatosińska, J., Miłek, D., Komór, A., & Kowalik, R. (2021). Selective Collection of Municipal Waste in a Residential District with Multi-Family Buildings—Case Study from Poland. Resources, 10(8), 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10080083