Empowering Supply Chain Resilience Through Industrial Internet: The Role of Collaborative Innovation and Environmental Uncertainty in High-End Manufacturing

High-end manufacturing supply chains are increasingly exposed to disruption risks and environmental uncertainty, yet how Industrial Internet (II) empowerment builds supply chain resilience (SCR) and when such benefits are most pronounced remain unclear. Grounded in the resource-based view and ambidextrous innovation logic, this study investigates whether II empowerment—captured by connectivity capability (CC), integration capability (IC), and analytics capability (AC)—enhances SCR through supply chain collaborative innovation (SCCI), including supply chain breakthrough innovation (SCBI) and supply chain incremental innovation (SCII), and whether environmental uncertainty (EU) conditions these relationships. Survey data from 293 Chinese high-end manufacturing firms were analyzed using structural equation modeling and bootstrapped mediation tests, supplemented by moderated regression analysis. The results indicate that CC, IC, and AC all directly and positively affect SCR. CC and AC significantly promote SCBI, whereas the effect of IC on SCBI is not significant; meanwhile, CC, IC, and AC all significantly foster SCII. Both SCBI and SCII are positively associated with SCR. SCBI mediates the effects of CC and AC (but not IC) on SCR, while SCII mediates the effects of all three II dimensions. Furthermore, EU strengthens the impacts of CC, AC, SCBI, and SCII on SCR, whereas the IC × EU interaction is not significant. These findings clarify the innovation-based mechanisms and boundary conditions of II-enabled resilience and offer actionable implications for high-end manufacturers seeking resilient supply chains under uncertainty.