Nitric Oxide in Plant Functioning: Metabolism, Signaling, and Responses to Infestation with Ecdysozoa Parasites
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Biosynthesis of NO in Plants
2.1. NOS-like Activity
2.2. NO Synthesis via Polyamine and Hydroxylamine Pathways
2.3. Non-Enzymatic Production of NO
2.4. Role of NR in NO Synthesis
2.5. A Plasma Membrane-Bound Nitrite Reductase
2.6. NO Synthesis in Mitochondria
3. NO Scavenging
4. The Role of NO in PTMs
4.1. S-Nitrosylation
4.2. Protein Nitration
4.3. Phosphorylation
5. Crosstalk between NO, ROS, and Phytohormones
6. In Search of NO-Dependent Defense Mechanisms during Infection with Herbivorous Ecdysozoa Species
6.1. Nematodes
6.2. Insects
6.3. Arachnids
6.4. Are There Common Patterns of NO-Dependent Defensive Responses against Ecdysozoa Species Infestation?
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NO Crosstalk | Influence | Effect | References |
---|---|---|---|
ROS | NO-H2O2 modulation of transcription factors | putative R-SNO and cysteine residue oxidation | [172] |
NO-H2O2—MAPK phosphorylation | PCD activation | [172] | |
R-SNO of NPR1 protein | SAR activation | [172,173,174] | |
GSNO production by GSNOR | presence of NO reservoir under pathogen attack | [172,175,176] | |
HR gene expression regulation | HR and PCD | [177,178,179] | |
ABA | induction of (+)-ABA 8′-hydroxylase expression | ABA signaling inhibition (breaking seed dormancy) | [180] |
Tyr nitration of PYR/PYL/RCAR | PYR/PYL/RCAR degradation by UPS | [181] | |
R-SNO of Cys residue of SnRK2 | inhibition of SnRK2 | [157,158] | |
R-SNO of Cys residue of ABI5 | degradation of ABI5 by UPS | [182] | |
IAA | phosphorylation of CDPK | lateral/primary root growth | [183,184] |
IAA-overproduction by Sinorhizobium meliloti (in presence of NO) | nodulation in Medicago species | [185] | |
production of ROS | oxidized IAA | [186] | |
SA | induction of defense genes expression | regulation of SA level during biotic stress | [34] |
induction of NOS-like activity | NO synthesis | [187] | |
molecular regulation of NPR gene expression | induction of SAR via NO-SA crosstalk | [188,189] | |
accumulation of NPR1 | activation of PR genes | [190,191] | |
modulation of SIPK | development of resistance to pathogen | [192,193] | |
JA | NPR1 and TGA modifications | suppression of JA-dependent genes | [194] |
interaction of NPR1 and basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factors MYC2-mediator complex subunit 25 | suppression of JA-dependent genes | [195] | |
induction gene expression of LOX2 and OPR | JA synthesis | [196,197] | |
R-SNO of AOC | decreased JA synthesis | [196,198] | |
activation of ascorbate-glutathione cycle | plant growth improvement under drought | [49,199] |
Parasite | Plant | Response | References |
---|---|---|---|
Nematodes | |||
Meloidogyne incognita | Solanum lycopersicon | increased expression of NO- and JA-induced genes | [231] |
Meloidogyne incognita | Solanum lycopersicon | NO-H2O2 crosstalk, PCD activation | [232] |
Meloidogyne incognita | Solanum lycopersicon | NO-ROS crosstalk, increased NOS-like activity | [234] |
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus | Pinus thunbergii | increased NOS-like activity | [235] |
Heterodera schachtii | Arabidopsis thaliana | alteration in the level of RNS, protein R-SNO and nitration, and GSNOR | [236] |
Insects | |||
Acyrthosiphon pisum | Pisum sativum | interconnection of NO production with JA, ET, SA, H2O2 synthesis | [237] |
Acyrthosiphon pisum | Pisum sativum | restriction of aphids’ reproduction | [238] |
Bemisia tabaci | Nicotiana tabacum | suppression of JA-defense responses and favoring B. tabaci reproduction | [239] |
Helicoverpa armigera | Cicer arietinum | changes in antioxidants enzymes, NO, H2O2, phenols and trypsin inhibitor | [240] |
Diuraphis noxia | Triticum aestivum | changes in NR and NiR activities, NO-dependent induction of β-1,3-glucanase and peroxidase | [241] |
Manduca sexta | Nicotiana attenuata | GSNOR interconnection with NO- and JA-dependent responses | [204] |
Mahanarva spectabilis | Brachiaria ruziziensis, Pennisetum purpureum and Digitaria sp. | increased content of phenols, lack of inhibition of pest development cycle | [242] |
Nilaparvata lugens | Oryza sativa | increased NO content in resistant cultivar, increased expression of genes related to drought response | [243] |
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Graska, J.; Fidler, J.; Gietler, M.; Prabucka, B.; Nykiel, M.; Labudda, M. Nitric Oxide in Plant Functioning: Metabolism, Signaling, and Responses to Infestation with Ecdysozoa Parasites. Biology 2023, 12, 927. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12070927
Graska J, Fidler J, Gietler M, Prabucka B, Nykiel M, Labudda M. Nitric Oxide in Plant Functioning: Metabolism, Signaling, and Responses to Infestation with Ecdysozoa Parasites. Biology. 2023; 12(7):927. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12070927
Chicago/Turabian StyleGraska, Jakub, Justyna Fidler, Marta Gietler, Beata Prabucka, Małgorzata Nykiel, and Mateusz Labudda. 2023. "Nitric Oxide in Plant Functioning: Metabolism, Signaling, and Responses to Infestation with Ecdysozoa Parasites" Biology 12, no. 7: 927. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12070927