Optimal Laboratory Cultivation Conditions of Limnospira maxima for Large-Scale Production
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cyanobacteria Strain and Production Medium
2.2. Optical Density and Growth Rate—Biomass
2.3. Biochemical Analysis
2.3.1. Chlorophyll “a” and Total Carotenoids
2.3.2. Phycobiliprotein Measurement
2.3.3. Soluble Proteins Measurement
2.4. Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Photosynthetically Active Radiation Measurement
3.2. Optical Density (OD) and Growth Rate (DW)
3.3. Chlorophyll “a” (Chla) and Total Carotenoids (Car)
3.4. Phycocyanin, Allophycocyanin, Phycoerythrin, and Soluble Proteins
3.5. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
4. Discussion
Species | OD | Dry Weight | Chl a | Carotenoids | Phycocyanin | Allophycocyanin | Phycoerythrin | Soluble Proteins | Source | Conditions That Yielded the Highest Values |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Limnospira maxima | 1.31 | 1.76 g L−1 | 30.70 g kg−1 | 4.22 g kg−1 | 384.11 g k g−1 | 206.12 g kg−1 | 86.68 g kg−1 | 152.86 g kg−1 | This research. | W-KNO3 and Y-KNO3: OD; W-WN: Dry weight and Chla; W-NaNO3: Carotenoids; W-KNO3: phycocyanin; R-NaNO3: allophycocyanin and phycoerythrin; Y-WN: proteins. |
Arthrospira maxima | - | - | 0.51 g kg−1 | - | 3.20 g kg−1 | 0.19 g kg−1 | 0.97 g kg−1 | - | Park and Dinh [15] | Red and green light: Chl a; blue light: phycobiliproteins. Nitrogen source: NaNO3 |
Spirulina fussiformis | - | 0.8 g L−1 | 0.0055 g L−1 | - | 2.5 g L−1 | - | - | - | Madhyastha and Vatsala [24] | White light: Dry weight and Chla; green light: phycocyanin; Nitrogen source: NaNO3 |
Arthrospira maxima | - | 3.8133 g L−1 | 0.065 g L−1 | 0.01 g L−1 | 140 g kg−1 | 30 g kg−1 | - | 735.3 g kg−1 | Milia et al. [28] | Orange light: Dry weight; White and orange lights: Chla; Blue light: proteins, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin. Nitrogen source: NaNO3 |
Pseudanabaena mucicola | 0.731 | 0.55 g L−1 | 0.0021 g m−2 | - | 0.4 g L−1 | 0.523 g L−1 | 0.05 g L−1 | - | Khatoon et al. [26] | White light and medium supplemented with NaNO3: OD; White light using wastewater: Dry weight, Chla, allophycocyanin and phycoerythrin; Blue light and medium supplemented with NaNO3: phycocyanin. |
Limnospira fusiformis | 0.3789 g L−1 | 0.00314 g L−1 | 0.00151 g L−1 | 0.01216 g L−1 | - | - | 0.1507 g L−1 | Pelagatti et al. [32] | Yellow light: Chla, Dry weight, proteins and carotenoids; Blue light: phycocyanin. Nitrogen source: NaNO3. | |
Arthrospira platensis | 1.706 | 1.415 g L−1 | 25.31 g kg−1 | 6.38 g kg−1 | 167.07 g kg−1 | - | - | - | Lima et al. [42] | Lights composed of 70% red and 30% blue (R70:B30): OD, dry weight, Chla and carotenoids; Light deep red (DR): phycocyanin. Nitrogen source: KNO3. |
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Light Source | Model | Trademark | Color | Power | PAR (μmol m−2 s−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Theoretical | Measured 1 | |||||
LED T5 | M22 | Mercury, Kwangchow, China | Write—W | 18 W | 82.8 | 79.14 ± 1.94 |
LED T5 | M29 | Mercury, Kwangchow, China | Red—R | 18 W | 82.8 | 77.51 ± 2.23 |
LED T5 | M21 | Mercury, Kwangchow, China | Blue—B | 18 W | 82.8 | 78.10 ± 1.81 |
LED T5 | M24 | Mercury, Kwangchow, China | Yellow—Y | 18 W | 82.8 | 79.31 ± 1.85 |
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Pineda-Rodríguez, Y.Y.; Herazo-Cárdenas, D.S.; Vallejo-Isaza, A.; Pompelli, M.F.; Jarma-Orozco, A.; Jaraba-Navas, J.d.D.; Cordero-Ocampo, J.D.; González-Berrio, M.; Arrieta, D.V.; Pico-González, A.; et al. Optimal Laboratory Cultivation Conditions of Limnospira maxima for Large-Scale Production. Biology 2023, 12, 1462. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12121462
Pineda-Rodríguez YY, Herazo-Cárdenas DS, Vallejo-Isaza A, Pompelli MF, Jarma-Orozco A, Jaraba-Navas JdD, Cordero-Ocampo JD, González-Berrio M, Arrieta DV, Pico-González A, et al. Optimal Laboratory Cultivation Conditions of Limnospira maxima for Large-Scale Production. Biology. 2023; 12(12):1462. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12121462
Chicago/Turabian StylePineda-Rodríguez, Yirlis Yadeth, Diana Sofia Herazo-Cárdenas, Adriana Vallejo-Isaza, Marcelo F. Pompelli, Alfredo Jarma-Orozco, Juan de Dios Jaraba-Navas, Jhony David Cordero-Ocampo, Marianella González-Berrio, Daniela Vegliante Arrieta, Ana Pico-González, and et al. 2023. "Optimal Laboratory Cultivation Conditions of Limnospira maxima for Large-Scale Production" Biology 12, no. 12: 1462. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12121462