A Biocultural Study on Gaoligongshan Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), an Important Hog Landrace, in Nujiang Prefecture of China
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Traditional Feeding and Management Culture of Gaoligongshan Pigs
3.1.1. Morphological Characteristics of the Gaoligongshan Pigs
3.1.2. Knowledge of Forage Plants Associated with Gaoligongshan Pigs
3.1.3. The Semi-Wild, Free-Range Model of Gaoligongshan Pig
3.1.4. The Role of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine in the Prevention and Treatment of Diseases
3.2. The Food Culture Derived from Gaoligongshan Pig
3.2.1. The Shazhufan Dishes
3.2.2. Huo Tang Culture
3.2.3. Folk Food Therapy Culture
3.3. The Sacrificial Culture of Gaoligongshan Pig
3.3.1. The Sacrificial Culture of Bai
3.3.2. Shangwang Festival of the Bai’s Lemo People
3.3.3. The Kuoshi Festival of Lisu People
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Question |
---|---|
1 | Why do you choose to breed Gaoligongshan pigs? |
2 | How long have you practiced Gaoligongshan pig farming? |
3 | What is the daily management of the Gaoligongshan pig? |
4 | Do you know what wild plants the Gaoligongshan pig likes to eat most? |
5 | The wild plants that Gaoligongshan pigs like to eat will change as they grow? |
6 | Will the mix of supplementary feeding materials be adjusted according to the growth stage or season? |
7 | Where is the pigsty built and why did you select there? |
8 | What are the common diseases of the Gaoligongshan pig? |
9 | How does the application of Chinese veterinary medicine to Gaoligongshan pigs and the treatment work? |
10 | What are the local traditional cultures related to the Gaoligongshan pig? |
11 | What are the processing methods for Gaoligongshan pig? |
12 | What are the sacrificial rituals of the different ethnic minority festivals? |
13 | Do your children actively participate in these traditional-culture-related activities? |
Voucher No. | Family | Scientific Name | Local Name | Parts as Forage | Habit | Consumed Time | Preference | Abundance | Medicinal Use for Human Ailments | Human Food and Other Uses |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LH089 | Amaranthaceae | Amaranthus retroflexus L. | Da gu cai | Leaves | Herb | except winter | ** | †† | Root can treat dermatitis in line with the disease | The stems and leaves can be eaten when cooked |
LH098 | Amaranthaceae | Chenopodium album L. | Hui tiao cai | Aerial part | Herb | except winter | ***** | †††† | The whole herb can stop diarrhea and itching | The stems and leaves can be eaten when cooked, spices |
LH132 | Apiaceae | Oenanthe javanica (Bl.) DC. | Shui qin cai | Leaves | Herb | All available time | ***** | ††††† | Lowering blood pressure | The stems and leaves can be eaten when cooked |
LL042 | Apiaceae | Centella asiatica (L.) Urban | Ma ti cai | Aerial part | Liana | All available time | ***** | †††† | The whole herb can reduce fever and causing diuresis, subduing swelling and detoxicating, injuries from falls, fractures, contusions and strains, and traumatic injury | Stems and leaves raw and cooked can be eaten |
LH025 | Caryophyllaceae | Drymaria cordata (Linnaeus) Willdenow ex Schultes | Yue liang cao | Aerial part | Herb | All available time | ***** | †††† | The whole herb can diminish inflammation, heat clearing-detoxication | / |
LH138 | Caryophyllaceae | Stellaria media (L.) Villars | Ji chang cai | Aerial part | Herb | Exept winter | ***** | †††† | Cauline leaf can promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis/ heat clearing/detoxication | / |
LH017 | Caryophyllaceae | Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop. | E chang cai | Aerial part | Herb | Exept winter | **** | †††† | / | / |
LH071 | Commelinaceae | Commelina communis L. | Ya zhi cao | Aerial part | Herb | Exept winter | ** | ††† | Diuresis and making tumor disappear, heat clearing/detoxication, diminish inflammation | / |
LH140 | Compositae | Cirsium chlorolepis L. | Ji chi gen | Leaves | Herb | All available time | *** | ††† | The roots can be eaten when cooked | |
LH093 | Compositae | Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. | Pu gong ying | Aerial part | Herb | Exept winter | *** | ††††† | Heat clearing-detoxication, clearing liver and improving vision, removing swelling and lumps, dispelling wind and removing obstruction in the meridians | Aerial part raw and cooked can be eaten |
LH058 | Compositae | Bidens pilosa L. | Yang cha cao | Aerial part | Herb | Exept winter | ** | †††† | Heat clearing/detoxication, diminish inflammation, activate blood flow and remove blood stasis, and treat snake bites, injuries from falls, fractures, contusions and strains, traumatic injury | The stems and leaves can be eaten when cooked |
LH005 | Compositae | Cirsium japonicum Fisch. ex DC. | Ji chi gen | Aerial part | Herb | All available time | * | ††† | Enrich the calcium | The roots are stewed with pork |
LH096 | Compositae | Sonchus oleraceus L. | / | Aerial part | Herb | All available time | *** | ††† | The whole herb can clear damp; heat clearing/detoxication | The stems and leaves can be eaten when cooked |
LT076 | Moraceae | Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Heritier ex Ventenat | Gou shu | Leaves | Tree | All available time | ***** | † | Herb can eliminate heat, diuresis and make tumors disappear; detoxification | Flowers can be steamed or cooked cold, stem can make paper and craft products |
LL119 | Oxalidaceae | Oxalis corniculata L. | Suan mu gua/ Mu gua cao | Aerial part | Liana | Exept winter | ***** | †††† | The whole herb can eliminate heat, diuresis and make tumors disappear, reinforcing the spleen to promote digestion and prevent diarrhea | Aerial parts can be eaten raw |
LH014 | Plantaginaceae | Plantago depressa Willd. | Lai ha ma ye | Aerial part | Herb | All available time | **** | ††††† | The whole herb can heat clearing-detoxication, diminish inflammation, diuresis | Aerial part raw and cooked can be eaten |
LH003 | Polygonaceae | Persicaria runcinata (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) H. Gross | Ha zhu cao | Aerial part | Herb | All available time | ***** | ††††† | / | / |
LH007 | Polygonaceae | Persicaria chinensis (L.) H. Gross | La liu cao | Aerial part | Herb | All available time | ***** | ††††† | / | / |
LH055 | Polygonaceae | Fagopyrum dibotrys (D. Don) Hara | Suan jiang cao | Aerial part | Herb | Exept winter | ***** | †††† | The tuberous root can heat clearing-detoxication, remove blood stasis and expelling pus, stimulate appetite and digestion, relax the bowels | The stems and leaves can be eaten raw or cooked |
LH097 | Polygonaceae | Rumex acetosa L. | Yang pi jin | Aerial part | Herb | Exept winter | ***** | †††† | The whole herb can be used for clearing heat and detoxicating | / |
LH130 | Polygonaceae | Persicaria Senticosa var. sagittifolia (H. Lév. et Vaniot) Yonekura et H. Ohashi | Ha zhu cao | Aerial part | Herb | Exept winter | ***** | ††††† | / | / |
LH020 | Polygonaceae | Persicaria microcephala (D. Don) H. Gross | Ha zhu cao | Aerial part | Herb | Exept winter | ***** | †††† | / | / |
LS019 | Rosaceae | Rubus multisetosus Yü et Lu | La la guo | Fruits | Shrub | All available time | ** | †††† | Relieve a cough, to stop pain, neutralize the effect of alcoholic drinks | / |
Voucher No. | Family | Scientific Name | Local Name | Parts as Forage | Life Form | Consumed Time | Preference | Feed Proportion | For Human Consumption |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LH125 | Amaranthaceae | Amaranthus caudatus L. | Su mi cai | Aerial part | Herb | Exept winter | ** | ** | Stems and leaves young and tender |
LH080 | Araceae | Amorphophallus konjac C. Koch | Shui guo cai | Leaves | Herb | Exept winter | *** | ** | Tubers |
LH100 | Brassicaceae | Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr. | Da bai cai | Aerial part | Herb | All available time | ***** | * | Aerial part |
LH079 | Cannaceae | Canna edulis Ker | Ye ba jiao | Aerial part | Herb | Exept winter | ***** | ** | Leaf core |
LH103 | Compositae | Lactuca sativa var. angustata Irish ex Bremer | Wo ju | Leaves | Herb | All available time | ***** | * | Stems |
LH105 | Convolvulaceae | Ipomoea aquatica Forsskal | Kong xin cai | Aerial part | Herb | Exept winter | ***** | * | Stems and leaves young and tender |
LH107 | Convolvulaceae | Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lamarck | Shan yao | Leaves and rootstock | Herb | Exept winter | ***** | ** | Tubers |
LH057 | Cucurbitaceae | Cucurbita moschata (Duch. ex Lam.) Duch. ex Poiret | Gua ye | Aerial part | Herb | Exept winter | ***** | * | Stem apex and fruit |
LH081 | Cucurbitaceae | Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz | Yang si gua | Aerial part | Herb | Exept winter | ***** | * | Stem apex and fruit |
LH099 | Fabaceae | Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Dou ye | Leaves | Herb | Exept winter | **** | ** | Fruit |
LH092 | Poaceae | Zea mays L. | Bao gu | Maize stalk and fruits | Herb | All available time | ***** | **** | Fruit |
Voucher No. | Family | Scientific Name | Local Name | Parts Consumed | Habit | Consumed Time | Abundance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LT039 | Pinaceae | Pinus yunnanensis Franch. | Jia song | Pine needles | Tree | All available time | *** |
LH126 | Poaceae | Setaria plicata (Lam.) T. Cooke | / | Aerial part | Herb | All available time | **** |
LH112 | Poaceae | Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. | Gou wei ba cao | Aerial part | Herb | All available time | **** |
LH045 | Thelypteridaceae | Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw. ex Heller | Jue cai | Aerial part | Herb | Spring and Summer | ** |
Voucher No. | Family | Scientific Name | Local Name | Parts Consumed | Life Form | Consumed Time | Medicinal Efficacy for Pig | Method of Uses | Attending Disease |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LS156 | Caprifoliaceae | Lonicera japonica Thunb. | Jin yin hua | Flowers | Shrub | Summer | Clearing heat and detoxicating, diminish inflammation and detumescence | Decoct medicinal herbs | Virus encephalitis |
LH157 | Compositae | Pseudognaphalium affine (D. Don) Anderberg | Huang hua | The whole plant | Herb | Except the winter | Antitussive and expectorant effects, bring down a fever, wound healing | Decoct medicinal herbs | Diseases caused by cold factors |
LH158 | Compositae | Artemisia yunnanensis J. F. Jeffrey ex Diels | Ye ba hao | Aerial part | Herb | All available time | Clearing heat and detoxicating, bring down a fever | Decoct medicinal herbs | Diseases caused by cold factors |
LH058 | Compositae | Bidens pilosa L. | Yang cha cao | The whole plant | Herb | Except the winter | Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, antidiarrheal, reducing inflammation, venomous snake bite, traumatic injury | Decoct medicinal herbs | Diarrhoea |
LH159 | Compositae | Artemisia carvifolia Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb. | Hao zi | The whole plant | Herb | All available time | Clearing heat and detoxicating, relieving summer-heat, dispelling wind and arresting itching | Decoct medicinal herbs | Diarrhoea |
LT160 | Cornaceae | Cornus kousa F. Buerger ex Hance | Huo shan li zhi | Flowers and leaves | Tree | All available time | Antidiarrheal | Decoct medicinal herbs | Diarrhoea |
LH108 | Equisetaceae | Equisetum ramosissimum subsp. debile (Roxb. ex Vauch.) Hauke | Jie jie cao | The whole plant | Herb | All available time | Clearing heat and detoxicating, reduce inflammation, stop pain and relieve itching | Decoct medicinal herbs | Diseases caused by cold factors |
LH164 | Lamiaceae | Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi | / | Rootstock | Herb | All available time | Heat-clearing and damp-drying drug, purging intense heat and detonicating, hemostasis, antidiarrheal, miscarriage prevention | Decoct medicinal herbs | Vesicular exanthema |
LH014 | Plantaginaceae | Plantago depressa Willd. | Lai ha ma ye | The whole plant | Herb | Except the winter | Clearing heat and detoxicating, diminish inflammation and diuresis | Decoct medicinal herbs | Virus nephritis |
LH161 | Polygonaceae | Rheum palmatum L. | Da huang | Roots | Herb | All available time | Purging heat and bowels, clearing heat and detoxicating, hemostasis | Decoct medicinal herbs | Vesicular exanthema |
LH162 | Ranunculaceae | Coptis teeta Wall. | / | Roots | Herb | All available time | Clearing heat and detoxicating, diminish inflammation and detumescence | Decoct medicinal herbs | Virus encephalitis and vesicular exanthema |
LS165 | Rubiaceae | Gardenia jasminoides Ellis | / | Fruits | Shrub | Autumn | Reducing fever and causing diuresis, cool the blood and eliminating stasis, detoxicate | Decoct medicinal herbs | Vesicular exanthema |
LT166 | Rutaceae | Phellodendron chinense Schneid. | Huang bai | Bark | Tree | All available time | Clearing hectic heat, purging intense heat and detonicating, antibacterial | Decoct medicinal herbs | Vesicular exanthema |
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Chu, Y.; Lin, C.; Cheng, Z.; Zhao, X.; Fan, Y.; Luo, B.; Long, C. A Biocultural Study on Gaoligongshan Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), an Important Hog Landrace, in Nujiang Prefecture of China. Biology 2022, 11, 1603. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11111603
Chu Y, Lin C, Cheng Z, Zhao X, Fan Y, Luo B, Long C. A Biocultural Study on Gaoligongshan Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), an Important Hog Landrace, in Nujiang Prefecture of China. Biology. 2022; 11(11):1603. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11111603
Chicago/Turabian StyleChu, Yanan, Chen Lin, Zhuo Cheng, Xingcen Zhao, Yanxiao Fan, Binsheng Luo, and Chunlin Long. 2022. "A Biocultural Study on Gaoligongshan Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), an Important Hog Landrace, in Nujiang Prefecture of China" Biology 11, no. 11: 1603. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11111603
APA StyleChu, Y., Lin, C., Cheng, Z., Zhao, X., Fan, Y., Luo, B., & Long, C. (2022). A Biocultural Study on Gaoligongshan Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), an Important Hog Landrace, in Nujiang Prefecture of China. Biology, 11(11), 1603. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11111603