On Origin and Evolution of the Antibody Molecule
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. The Ig Fold in Bacteria
3. The Ig Fold in Viruses
4. The Eukaryotic IgV Domain
5. Somatic Recombination
6. Somatic HyperMutation
7. The Ig Domain in Adaptive Immune Receptors: IgC1
8. Evolution of the Antibody Architecture
8.1. The Modular Structure
8.2. The Dynamic Structure
9. Evolution Sites of the Antibody Molecule Involved in Effector Functions
9.1. Fc Receptors
9.2. Factor C1q of the Complement System
9.3. Superantigens
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bacteria | Ig domain | [8] |
Porifera | IgV-like domain | [26] |
Mollusca | RAG homologs | [44] |
Echinodermata | AID homologs | [51] |
Protochordates | IgV domain | [29] |
Agnatha | AID | [49] |
Chondrichtyes | RAG, IgC1 domain, IgNAR, IgM, IgD/IgW | [2] |
Osteichtyes | IgT, FcR, RAG, pIgR | [72,95,99] |
Amphibia | IgX (IgA precursor) | [107] |
Aves | IgY (IgG/IgE precursor) | [85] |
Mammals | HCAb, IgG, IgE | [69,79] |
Homo sapiens | IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 subisotype | [108] |
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Oreste, U.; Ametrano, A.; Coscia, M.R. On Origin and Evolution of the Antibody Molecule. Biology 2021, 10, 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10020140
Oreste U, Ametrano A, Coscia MR. On Origin and Evolution of the Antibody Molecule. Biology. 2021; 10(2):140. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10020140
Chicago/Turabian StyleOreste, Umberto, Alessia Ametrano, and Maria Rosaria Coscia. 2021. "On Origin and Evolution of the Antibody Molecule" Biology 10, no. 2: 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10020140