Uncertainty Analysis of the Temperature–Resistance Relationship of Temperature Sensing Fabric
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Statistical Parameters Associated with the Temperature-Resistance Data
2.2. Comparison of Heating and Cooling Experiments (Single Test Repeat)
2.2.1. Testing Procedure
2.3. Temperature Profiles
2.3.1. Residuals
2.4. Temperature–Resistance Curves
2.5. Regression Uncertainty
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Temperature Profile
3.2. Effect of Sensing Element
3.3. Effect of Inlay Density
3.4. Repeatability Uncertainty
3.4.1. Analysis Criteria
3.5. Comparison among All Temperature Sensing Fabric (TSF) Samples
3.6. Average Temperature-Resistance (TR) Equation
- By considering only the three data points (i.e., the mean resistance values at 20, 35, and 50 °C);
- By considering all data points (i.e., all resistance values at 20, 35, and 50 °C);
- By considering the mean of “slope” and “intercept” of all experimental repeats.
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference Resistance (Ω) | Sensitivity mΩ/°C | Sensing Elements | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
Low 3–7 | Low 14–27 | NC127: Nickel coated copper of 127 µm dia. | coarse diameter Cu-based sensing elements |
NC125: Nickel coated copper of 125 µm dia. | |||
C150: Pure copper of 150 µm dia. | |||
EC150: Enamelled copper of 150 µm dia. | |||
BEC150: Braided enamelled copper of 150 µm dia. | |||
Medium 32–47 | Medium 130–230 | W80: Tungsten of 80 µm dia. | medium diameter Ni and W sensing elements |
N100: Nickel of 100 µm dia. | |||
N90: Nickel of 90 µm dia. | |||
High 91–126 | High 310–550 | W50: Tungsten of 50 µm dia. | fine diameter Ni and W sensing elements |
BEN61: Braided enamelled nickel of 61 µm dia. |
Parameters | Abbreviation | Unit | Heating TR Curve | Cooling TR Curve |
---|---|---|---|---|
TR Equation | - | |||
Calibration Equation | - | |||
Test Duration | - | min | 40 | 95 |
t-value | - | 1.97 | 1.96 | |
r-square value | - | 0.999537 | 0.999993 | |
Temperature Coefficient of Resistivity at 0 °C | 1/°C | 0.0053 | 0.0052 | |
Temperature Coefficient of Resistivity at 20 °C | 1/°C | 0.0048 | 0.0047 | |
Resistance Ratio (20–50 °C) | - | 1.143 | 1.141 | |
Slope (Sensitivity) | Ω/°C | 0.225 | 0.220 | |
Slope Error | Ω/°C | 0.0003 | 0.00002 | |
95% Confidence Interval of Slope | Ω/°C | 0.224 ± 0.0006 0.224 ± 0.28% | 0.222 ± 0.00005 0.222 ± 0.02% | |
Nominal Resistance | Ω | 46.92 | 47.01 | |
Resistance at 35 °C | Ω | 50.28 | 50.34 | |
Intercept (Resistance at 0 °C) | Ω | 42.44 | 42.58 | |
Intercept Error | Ω | 0.013 | 0.0007 | |
95% Confidence Interval of Intercept | Ω | 42.44 ± 0.025 42.44 ± 0.06% | 42.58 ± 0.0015 42.58 ± 0.003% | |
Standard error in Resistance | Ω | 0.034 | 0.003 | |
95% Confidence Interval of Resistance at 35 °C | Ω | 50.28 ± 0.067 50.28 ± 0.13% | 50.34 ± 0.007 50.34 ± 0.014% | |
95% Confidence Interval of Temperature at 35 °C | °C | 35 ± 0.30 35 ± 0.8% | 35 ± 0.03 35 ± 0.08% |
Group Category | Mean Regression Errors (±°C) |
---|---|
All repeats | 0.16 |
All heating repeats | 0.24 |
All cooling repeats | 0.07 |
All repeats of 46 inlay TSF | 0.15 |
All repeats of 34 inlay TSF | 0.17 |
All heating repeats of 46 inlay TSF | 0.22 |
All cooling repeats of 46 inlay TSF | 0.07 |
All heating repeats of 34 inlay TSF | 0.26 |
All cooling repeats of 34 inlay TSF | 0.07 |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Husain, M.D.; Atalay, O.; Atalay, A.; Kennon, R. Uncertainty Analysis of the Temperature–Resistance Relationship of Temperature Sensing Fabric. Fibers 2016, 4, 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib4040029
Husain MD, Atalay O, Atalay A, Kennon R. Uncertainty Analysis of the Temperature–Resistance Relationship of Temperature Sensing Fabric. Fibers. 2016; 4(4):29. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib4040029
Chicago/Turabian StyleHusain, Muhammad Dawood, Ozgur Atalay, Asli Atalay, and Richard Kennon. 2016. "Uncertainty Analysis of the Temperature–Resistance Relationship of Temperature Sensing Fabric" Fibers 4, no. 4: 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib4040029