Residual Stresses of 316L Stainless Steel Laser Direct Metal During Pulsed-Wave and Continuous-Wave Laser Additive Manufacturing: A Comparative Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Samples
2.2. Residual Stress Measurement
Contour Method
- (1)
- Making the cut
- (2)
- Measuring the Surface
- (3)
- Calculating Stress
2.3. X-Ray Diffraction
3. Results
3.1. Residual Stresses in Substrate
3.2. Residual Stresses in Deposited Materials
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- For low-energy input, in the substrate, the longitudinal residual stress increased significantly for the PW specimen compared to the CW specimen. A similar trend was observed in the deposited materials.
- For high-energy input, in the substrate, the longitudinal residual stress was smaller for the PW specimen than the CW specimen. In the deposited materials, an analogous trend was found.
- For CW mode, the longitudinal residual stress increased sharply with the increase in energy input.
- For PW mode, the longitudinal residual stress decreased by 13.2% with the increase in energy input.
- At the substrate–component junction, where micro-cracks and even delamination are prone to occur, it was found that PW mode could reduce the longitudinal residual stress by about 10.3% in the high-energy input sample.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | B | Cr | Fe | Si | Cu | Mo | Nb | Ni |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage | 20% | 9% | 8.5% | 3% | 7.2% | 3% | 5% | 44.3% |
Number | CW/PW | Power (W) | Total Energy Input (J) | Scanning Speed (mm/s) | Powder Feeding Rate (g/min) | Number of Layers | Pulse Frequency (HZ) | Duty Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | CW | 300 | 300 | 6 | 10.3 | 20 | / | / |
2 | CW | 600 | 600 | 6 | 10.3 | 20 | / | / |
3 | PW | 600 | 300 | 6 | 10.3 | 20 | 10 | 50% |
4 | PW | 1200 | 600 | 6 | 10.3 | 20 | 10 | 50% |
Case | Molten Pool | Re-Melting Zone | Percentage | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LM (mm) | DM (mm) | AM (mm2) | LRe (mm) | DRe (mm) | ARe (mm2) | AreaRe/AreaM | |
1 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
2 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
3 | 0.5 | 0.187 | 0.047 | 0.111 | 0.083 | 0.0046 | 9.7% |
4 | 0.875 | 0.23 | 0.100 | 0.333 | 0.119 | 0.0198 | 19.8% |
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Cheng, M.; Zou, X.; Chang, T.; Cao, Q.; Ju, H.; Luo, G.; Zou, Z.; Wu, Z. Residual Stresses of 316L Stainless Steel Laser Direct Metal During Pulsed-Wave and Continuous-Wave Laser Additive Manufacturing: A Comparative Study. Coatings 2024, 14, 1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14121598
Cheng M, Zou X, Chang T, Cao Q, Ju H, Luo G, Zou Z, Wu Z. Residual Stresses of 316L Stainless Steel Laser Direct Metal During Pulsed-Wave and Continuous-Wave Laser Additive Manufacturing: A Comparative Study. Coatings. 2024; 14(12):1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14121598
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheng, Manping, Xi Zou, Tengfei Chang, Qi Cao, Houlai Ju, Guoyun Luo, Zhengwen Zou, and Zhenxing Wu. 2024. "Residual Stresses of 316L Stainless Steel Laser Direct Metal During Pulsed-Wave and Continuous-Wave Laser Additive Manufacturing: A Comparative Study" Coatings 14, no. 12: 1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14121598
APA StyleCheng, M., Zou, X., Chang, T., Cao, Q., Ju, H., Luo, G., Zou, Z., & Wu, Z. (2024). Residual Stresses of 316L Stainless Steel Laser Direct Metal During Pulsed-Wave and Continuous-Wave Laser Additive Manufacturing: A Comparative Study. Coatings, 14(12), 1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14121598