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Article

Porous-Spherical Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Polypyrrole/Polypyrrole Nanocomposite Thin-Film Photodetector and Solar Cell Applications

by
Mohamed Rabia
1,
Amira Ben Gouider Trabelsi
2,
Asmaa M. Elsayed
3 and
Fatemah H. Alkallas
2,*
1
Nanomaterials Science Research Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
2
Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
3
TH-PPM Group, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Coatings 2023, 13(7), 1240; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13071240
Submission received: 28 April 2023 / Revised: 23 June 2023 / Accepted: 30 June 2023 / Published: 12 July 2023
Browse Figures
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Abstract

:
This study utilized the exceptional optical and electrical properties of polypyrrole (Ppy) to fabricate high-performance optoelectronic devices. The synthesis of the porous-spherical Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy nanocomposite thin film was achieved by preparing a second thin film of Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy on the initial Ppy film using K2Cr2O7 as an oxidant. The nanocomposite’s properties were thoroughly characterized, including XRD and optical absorbance analyses. The XRD analysis showed that the crystalline size of the nanocomposite was 20 nm, while optical absorbance analysis demonstrated that the nanocomposite had a higher absorbance in a wide optical range compared to Ppy nanomaterials, as evidenced by the enhancement in bandgap (Eg) value from 3.33 eV for Ppy to 1.89 eV for Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy. The fabricated nanocomposite thin film exhibited excellent light-sensing behavior, as evidenced by the evaluation of Jph values under different light conditions and various monochromatic lights with a detectivity (D) of 3.6 × 106 Jones (at 340 nm). The device demonstrated its potential as a solar cell, with a short circuit current (JSC) of 13 µA and an open circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.91 V. Given the nanocomposite’s low cost, high technical production, and superior optoelectronic properties, it has significant potential for use in commercially available high-tech devices.

1. Introduction

Wide-band-gap semiconductors gained researchers’ interest in the last century due to their unique characteristics in energy storage, energy conversion, electronics, and optoelectronics applications [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. Several materials, such as GaN, ZnO, Cr2O3, and TiO2, have been utilized as base material for photodetector applications. This is due to their unique characteristics, i.e., wide-band-gap value [8]. In particular, chromia oxide (Cr2O3) attracted a lot of interest [9] as a wide-band-gap material (Eg ~3 eV). Indeed, Cr2O3 is a transition-metal-oxide semiconductor belonging to the rhombohedral crystal system [10]. On the other hand, Cr2O3 has particular photo-response properties, ensuring a good detection within a long and large optical range [11,12]. Numerous synthetic routes have been developed to obtain Cr2O3 nanoparticles, such as hydrothermal, sol–gel, forced hydrolysis, radiation, sonochemical and hydrolysis–condensation processes [13,14,15].
The efficiency of the acceptance of incidence photons determines photodetector sensitivity. Indeed, accepted photons activate the surface of photodetector materials where it generates electrons that induce a current density (Jph). The latter increases significantly via increasing the active site in the material morphology [16,17,18]. Although previous materials have been widely examined in order to increase Jph values, Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3 material requires further investigation in order to obtain a better answer. Thus, a possible association to other materials, i.e., conducting polymers and graphene, may widely improve its properties [19,20].
Conducting polymers turn out to be researchers’ choice for ameliorating photodetectors’ answers. This is due to their high impact in improving optical absorbance and obtaining amiable bandgap properties [21,22,23]. Furthermore, their simple synthesis method and mass production encourage their use in photo applications. Particularly, combining polypyrrole with such a wide-band-gap semiconductor, i.e., Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3, makes it a promising candidate for optoelectronics. This will lead to the development of new nanocomposites due to its excellent optical and electrical properties [24,25].
Previous studies have focused on developing photoelectrodes for light detection, but they have encountered some challenges in detecting light over a wide optical region. The limitations are evident in the produced Jph values. For instance, some studies have reported a maximum of 20 µA using CuO as a photoelectrode [26], while others have reported up to 107 µA during the development of ZnO nanocomposites [27].
This study focused on the preparation and characterization of a porous-spherical Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy nanocomposite thin film with promising optical properties. The film shows great potential for use in photodetectors and solar cells, as evidenced by its performance in Jph, JSC, VOC, photoresponsivity (R), linear detection range (LDR), and D evaluations. These findings, along with the material’s cost-effectiveness and ease of production, highlight its potential for use in high-tech applications.

2. Experimental Part

2.1. Materials

Pyrrole (99.9%) and dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.9%) are provided by Sigma Aldrich in Tokyo, Japan, while HCl (37%) is supplied by the Merck Company in Weiterstadt, Germany. K2Cr2O7 (99.7%) used in the study is obtained from El-Nasr Chemical Co. in Giza, Egypt, and K2S2O8 (99.5%) is provided by Pio-Chem Co. in Cairo, Egypt.

2.2. Ppy Thin-Film Preparation

The synthesis of polypyrrole (Ppy) is carried out via oxidative polymerization of pyrrole (0.12 M) in an acidic environment (0.5 M HCl) using K2S2O8 (0.15 M) as the oxidant, resulting in the formation of Ppy nanoparticles with a dark green precipitate. The polymerization is a one-step process, with the oxidant is added suddenly to the monomer. After purification, the nanomaterials are dried and subjected to further characterization.

2.3. Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy Nanocomposite Thin-Film Preparation

A Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy nanocomposite thin film is synthesized by oxidizing the Ppy film using (0.15 M) K2Cr2O7 as an oxidant. This leads to the incorporation of Cr2O3 and traces of Cr(OH)3 in the Ppy film and the synthesizing of a Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy film. The optical properties of this thin film are expected to be favorable for applications in optoelectronics and solar cells.

2.4. Characterization Process

The Ppy and Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy nanocomposite’s optical properties are assessed through UV-Vis spectrophotometry (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). SEM (ZEISS, Aalen, Germany) and TEM (JEOL-2100, Tokyo, Japan) are utilized to estimate their surface morphology, crystallinity, and porosity. Meanwhile, XRD (X’pert PRO, Malvern, UK) is used to determine their crystal structure and size, and XPS (Kratos Analytical, Manchester, UK) is utilized to evaluate their chemical composition and oxidation states. Finally, FTIR (340 Jasco, Yorkshire, UK) is used to estimate the groups related to molecules’ vibrational modes.

2.5. The Construction of Photodetector or Solar Cell Device and the Electrical Testing

The construction of a photodetector or solar cell thin-film device is based on two layers; Ppy and Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy, in which Ag-paste forms the outer electrodes. The sensitivity of the Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy nanocomposite thin film to different light wavelengths and photon numbers is assessed using a CHI608E metal halide lamp (100 mW/cm−2) as the light source. The performance of the solar cell or photodetector is measured by analyzing the current–voltage relationship, which involves examining the photo-generated electrons that appear as photocurrent (Jph) or dark current (Jo) under dark conditions. The Jph values are measured under different monochromatic lights in a broad optical range from UV to IR. These behaviors can be used to determine sensitivity parameters, such as noise ratio, R, LDR, ɳ, and D. A schematic representation of these measurements is shown in Figure 1.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Characterization and Analysis

FTIR analyses were used to demonstrate the vibrational modes of molecules and functional groups present in Ppy and Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy nanocomposite, as shown in Figure 2a. The characteristic functional groups of the polymer and the nanocomposite are identified in the graph and are summarized in Table 1. The shifts observed in these bands are attributed to the effect of the inorganic materials on the polymer chains [28].
In Figure 2b, the XRD measurements of Ppy and the Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy nanocomposite are presented. Ppy shows two distinct diffraction peaks at 2θ = 26.8° and 24.6°, which indicates its crystalline nature [31]. The semi-broad peak at 26.8° suggests that the scattering is caused by the interplaying spacing of Ppy chains. The nanocomposite, on the other hand, shows a higher degree of crystallinity, as evidenced by the sharp peaks. The peaks of Cr2O3 in the composite are identified at 27.8°, 31.7°, 40.0°, 49.7°, 60.0°, 65.9°, and 73.1°, which correspond to the growth directions of (012), (104), (113), (024), (122), (300), and (019), respectively. However, the peaks of Cr(OH)3 cannot be distinguished using XRD [32,33].
The average crystallite size (D) of the nanocomposite can be determined by Scherrer equation (Equation (1)) [34]. This equation assumes that the crystallites are spherical and randomly oriented, and it is based on the full width of the peak at half maximum (W) of the strongest peaks. The D value for the nanocomposite is estimated to be 20 nm, using the strongest peaks at angle (2ϴ) 27.8° and 40.0°, in which the X-ray wavelength (λ) is taken in these calculations.
D = 0.9λ/W cosθ
The optical absorbance of Ppy and the Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy nanocomposite is shown in Figure 2c. The Ppy nanomaterials have limited optical properties, with a sharp absorbance peak at 290 nm and a small broad peak in the visible region at 460 nm, which is due to the pi-pi* electron transition under high energy photons of the UV or visible regions [17,35]. The bandgap value (Eg) for Ppy is estimated to be 3.33 eV using the mathematical Tauc’s equation (Equations (2) and (3)) [23], which relates the absorption coefficient (α) of a material to its Eg value while considering the light frequency (ν) and the density of the material (d).
In contrast, the Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy shows promising optical properties, as seen in the absorbance behavior in the UV and IR regions extending from 260 to 710 nm. This wide optical range indicates a small Eg value of 1.89 eV, as demonstrated in Figure 2d. The evaluation of the Eg value takes into account the Planck constant (h).
α = 2303 d A
α h ν = A ( h ν − E g ) 1 / 2
The surface characteristics of Ppy and the Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy nanocomposite were examined using SEM, TEM, and theoretical modeling. In Figure 3a, Ppy is shown to have a porous wrinkle particle with small particles of 150 nm. In contrast, the composite material has a cubic or rectangular geometric shape with average dimensions of 250 × 180 nm and small particles acting as binders between them, as shown in Figure 3b. TEM analysis revealed that the smaller particles have dimensions of 66 × 130 nm, and both large and small particles have a geometric shape (Figure 3c). The inset figure illustrates the formation of lamella space inside the particle structure, which confirms the ordering of the atoms. Moreover, it confirms the formation of nanomaterials that are compactly grouped to each other to form a great composite with an interspace distance of 1.2 nm (Figure 3e). The SAED analysis (Figure 3f) of this composite illustrates the formation of three main layers, as indicated by the XRD analysis. The theoretical modeling using the Gwidion program demonstrated that the geometric particles have an average dimension of 240 × 180 nm and have great optical absorbance due to their uniformity and angles, as shown in Figure 3d. Overall, the SEM, TEM, and theoretical modeling results provide insights into the surface morphology, composition, and topography of Ppy and the Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy nanocomposite.
The XPS analyses provide valuable information on the elemental composition, chemical state, and electronic structure of the Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy nanocomposite (Figure 4). The spectrum (Figure 4a) indicates the formation of Cr, O, C, and Cl in the composite. The Cr 2p3/2 peak at 576.9 eV indicates the oxidation state of Cr3+, while the peak at 587 eV corresponds to Cr6+ species. The O 1s spectra (Figure 4c) show a peak at 531.6 eV [36], indicating the presence of O-M (M = metal) bonds related to Cr-oxides and hydroxides in the composite. The mass percentages of Cr and O elements in the composite are 3.4 and 11.7%. The C1s spectra (Figure 4d) show peaks at 284.7 eV and 293 eV related to C-C, C=C, C-N, and C=N bonds in Ppy [37]. The presence of Cl− in the composite is also detected at 198 eV and 199.5 eV (Figure 4e) due to the use of HCl as an acid medium and solvent. The Cl− ions exhibit electrostatic attraction towards the active sites of the composite material, which can be attributed to the positive charge present on the Nitrogen atom in Ppy or the Cr3+ ions of the inorganic filler. This attraction is due to the electrostatic forces between the Cl− ions and the positive sites in the composite. Additionally, the N atom related to Ppy is detected at about 400 eV, as shown in Figure 4f. Overall, XPS analysis provides a great understanding of the chemical structure and electronic structure of the Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy nanocomposite.

3.2. Electrical Testing

The electrical testing for the constructed film Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy is performed using a CHI 608E device. The sensitivity of this film, Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy, to photons is demonstrated through its performance under dark and light conditions (Figure 5). The photogenerated electrons (under light) at 0.0 V represent the ability of this device to act as a solar cell, in which the short-circuit current (JSC) is 13 µA and the open-circuit voltage (VOC) is 1.91 V. The produced photoexcited carriers cause the electrons to be induced to generation and collected over the film for an additional circuit, in which Jph is produced. These values, shown in Figure 5a, are promising for a solar cell based on only two layers (thin film).
The device can be used as a photodetector, and its sensitivity to photons or light wavelengths can be measured by the change in Jph from dark to light conditions [38,39,40,41]. The testing in Figure 5b shows the sensitivity under on and off light conditions at 2.3 V, and the reproducibility indicates a high response to photons and stability using stable materials such as Ppy or Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy. Moreover, the ease of fabrication combined with the low cost make this device promising for industrial processing. The small Jph values under dark conditions indicate the conductivity of the film in the presence of semiconductive polymers and oxides.
The sensitivity of the Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy nanocomposite thin film was assessed by subjecting it to various monochromatic wavelengths, as shown in Figure 6a. The response varied with different Jph values, with the highest value being obtained at 340 nm, which is −0.0016 mA.cm−2, as mentioned in Figure 6b,d. This result confirms that the film generated a large amount of photogenerated hot electrons under the influence of the 340 nm wavelength (Figure 6b). Jph values decreased to −0.0014 mA.cm−2 at 730 nm. The varying responses through the photodetector’s sensitivity to the monochromatic wavelengths is proved under these variable Jph values. The solar cell’s electrical reaction is indicated through the Jph values at V = 0, with JSC producing values of −0.66 and −0.60 µA.cm−2 at 340 and 730 nm, respectively, as shown in Figure 6c. The Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy nanocomposite thin film shows promising properties as both a photodetector and a solar cell. It can sense various wavelengths in the UV, visible, and IR regions (Figure 6a), indicating its potential as a versatile photodetector. Additionally, it exhibits a high short-circuit current (JSC) value at 340 nm, which demonstrates its ability to act as a solar cell. The solar-cell device demonstrates an incident photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) of 0.01% at 340 nm. While this value is relatively nice, it is still significant considering the ease of fabrication of using a simple and cost-effective oxidative polymerization process. Meanwhile, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) is 30% related to the percent of VOC.JSC/Vm.Jm, in which Vm and Jm are the maximum voltage and current produced, respectively. These results suggest that this thin film could have practical applications in a range of industries [42,43].
One of the parameters represents the high sensitivity of the fabricated Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy nanocomposite thin film to photons in the noise ratio, the ratio of the dark current to the current density in light: Jo/Jph. For an estimation of this percent, the produced current is evaluated at −3.0 V, as shown in Figure 5a. From this figure, the noise ratio is 18%, and this percent is related to the conductive nature of the nanocomposite thin film under the presence of oxide and polymer in this composite.
The sensitivity of the Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy nanocomposite thin film to the photon number is evaluated through the R values using Equation (4) [44], as shown in Figure 7a. The optimum value of R is 0.0161 mA.W−1 at 340 nm, indicating a considerable response to the photon number, considering the light intensity (P). This value decreases to 0.0142 mA.W−1 at 730 nm. These high R values demonstrate the great photodetection capabilities of the fabricated thin film across a wide optical range.
Similarly, the D values are evaluated using Equation (5) [44], with the optimum values being observed at 340 nm (3.6 × 106 Jones) and decreasing to 3.1 × 106 Jones in the IR region. These values represent the number of photoexcited electrons (e) per unit area (S) of the photodetector. The high D values indicate the highly sensitive nature of this film towards different photon wavelengths, highlighting its potential for various photodetection applications.
R = J p h − J d P S
D = R S   / 2   e   J o
L D R = 20 l o g ⁡ ( J p h J o )
Furthermore, the linear dynamic range (LDR) of the Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy nanocomposite thin film can be evaluated using Equation (6). The LDR values are found to be 8.5 and 7.4 at 340 nm and 730 nm, respectively. These values indicate the range of photon intensities over which the fabricated device can linearly respond, further confirming its sensitivity to photons in these optical regions. Moreover, Table 2 is inserted to clarify the superiority of this study to other studies.

4. Conclusions

The Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy nanocomposite thin film serves as a photodetector for sensing light in a wide optical range, including UV, Vis, and IR spectra. The film’s great optical behavior makes it an ideal candidate for solar-cell applications, which is achieved by utilizing two electrodes of Ag paste. Compared to Ppy, the nanocomposite has a lower bandgap (Eg) of 1.89 eV, which enhances its optical absorbance in the visible range. The Jph values under different light conditions and monochromatic light demonstrate the film’s excellent light-sensing behavior. Under normal light, the Jph value is 0.003 mA.cm−2, with the optimum value at 340 nm (−0.0016 mA.cm−2) and a decrease to −0.0014 mA.cm−2 at 730 nm. The device’s ability to generate photogenerated electrons under light at 0.0 V makes it an efficient solar cell, with a short-circuit current (JSC) of 13 µA and an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.91 V. The low cost and high technical production of this nanocomposite make it an attractive candidate for commercial, highly technological devices in the field of optoelectronics and solar cells.

Author Contributions

This manuscript is produced with the involvement of all authors: writing, experimental, analyses, and funding are performed by M.R., A.M.E., A.B.G.T. and F.H.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2023R38), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

The authors express their gratitude to Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2023R38), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy nanocomposite thin film as photodetector or solar cell device.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy nanocomposite thin film as photodetector or solar cell device.
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Figure 2. The characterization process of the Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy nanocomposite: (a) FTIR spectroscopy, (b) XRD pattern, (c) absorbance, and (d) band gap.
Figure 2. The characterization process of the Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy nanocomposite: (a) FTIR spectroscopy, (b) XRD pattern, (c) absorbance, and (d) band gap.
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Figure 3. (a) SEM image of Ppy. (b) SEM, (c,e) TEM, (d) theoretical modeling of the roughness and cross-section, and (f) SAED of Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy nanocomposite.
Figure 3. (a) SEM image of Ppy. (b) SEM, (c,e) TEM, (d) theoretical modeling of the roughness and cross-section, and (f) SAED of Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy nanocomposite.
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Figure 4. The XPS analysis of (a) Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy survey, (b) Cr, (c) O, (d) C, (e) Cl, and (f) N elements.
Figure 4. The XPS analysis of (a) Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy survey, (b) Cr, (c) O, (d) C, (e) Cl, and (f) N elements.
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Figure 5. (a) The electrical response of the fabricated Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy nanocomposite thin film under dark and light conditions and (b) the reproducibility under on/off light.
Figure 5. (a) The electrical response of the fabricated Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy nanocomposite thin film under dark and light conditions and (b) the reproducibility under on/off light.
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Figure 6. (a). The effect of various monochromatic light from 340 to 730 nm on the Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy nanocomposite thin film from −3.0 to +3.0 V. The produced Jph value at almost (b) −3.0 V, (c) 0.0 V, and (d) 3.0 V (column shape).
Figure 6. (a). The effect of various monochromatic light from 340 to 730 nm on the Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy nanocomposite thin film from −3.0 to +3.0 V. The produced Jph value at almost (b) −3.0 V, (c) 0.0 V, and (d) 3.0 V (column shape).
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Figure 7. The response of the Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy nanocomposite thin film to monochromatic light through evaluation of (a) R and (b) D values.
Figure 7. The response of the Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy nanocomposite thin film to monochromatic light through evaluation of (a) R and (b) D values.
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Table
Table 1. The summary of the identified vibrational modes of molecules and functional groups for Ppy and Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy.
Table 1. The summary of the identified vibrational modes of molecules and functional groups for Ppy and Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy.
Materials/Band Position (cm−1)Characteristic Group
PpyCr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy
3402O-H [29]
16841632C=C quinoid
1546Cr vibration inside the composite
14201466C=C benzene
13121318C-N [30]
11771151C-H
1045, 910 and 7981046 and 926Aromatic ring vibration
Table
Table 2. The performance of Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy nanocomposite thin film in light-sensing when compared to previous studies.
Table 2. The performance of Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy nanocomposite thin film in light-sensing when compared to previous studies.
StructureWavelength (nm)Bias (V)R (mAW−1)
Graphene/P3HT [45]3251NA
PbI2-graphene [46]5502NA
TiO2-PANI [47]32003 × 10−3
ZnO/RGO [48]35051.3 × 10−3
GO/Cu2O [49]30020.5 × 10−3
Graphene/GaN [50]36573 × 10−3
PbI2-graphene [46]5502NA
ZnO-CuO [51]40513 × 10−3
PbI2-5%Ag [52]5326NA
CuO nanowires [26]3905-
ZnO/Cu2O [27]35024 × 10−3
Se/TiO2 [53]45015 × 10−3
TiN/TiO2 [54]5505-
CuO/Si Nanowire [55]4050.23.8 × 10−3
Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Ppy/Ppy nanocomposite thin film (this work)44030.016
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Rabia, M.; Trabelsi, A.B.G.; Elsayed, A.M.; Alkallas, F.H. Porous-Spherical Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Polypyrrole/Polypyrrole Nanocomposite Thin-Film Photodetector and Solar Cell Applications. Coatings 2023, 13, 1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13071240

AMA Style

Rabia M, Trabelsi ABG, Elsayed AM, Alkallas FH. Porous-Spherical Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Polypyrrole/Polypyrrole Nanocomposite Thin-Film Photodetector and Solar Cell Applications. Coatings. 2023; 13(7):1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13071240

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rabia, Mohamed, Amira Ben Gouider Trabelsi, Asmaa M. Elsayed, and Fatemah H. Alkallas. 2023. "Porous-Spherical Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Polypyrrole/Polypyrrole Nanocomposite Thin-Film Photodetector and Solar Cell Applications" Coatings 13, no. 7: 1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13071240

APA Style

Rabia, M., Trabelsi, A. B. G., Elsayed, A. M., & Alkallas, F. H. (2023). Porous-Spherical Cr2O3-Cr(OH)3-Polypyrrole/Polypyrrole Nanocomposite Thin-Film Photodetector and Solar Cell Applications. Coatings, 13(7), 1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13071240

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