An Experimental Study and Adaptability Evaluation of Chain Extender Component in Water Reducer on the Sulfate Corrosion Resistance of Ordinary Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Test
2.1. Raw Materials Overview
- (1)
- (2)
- (3)
- (4)
- The water reducer was produced by Shanxi Shanda Hesheng New Materials Co., Ltd. in Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China. It includes two formulations of polycarboxylic acid high-performance water reducers, distinguished as Water Reducer 3 (with chain extender) and Water Reducer 3#–1 (without chain extender). The specific formulations are detailed in Table 6.
- (5)
- Fly ash is a Class II fly ash, produced by the Taiyuan Second Power Plant, with a fineness of 11%, water demand ratio of 101%, and moisture content of 0.2%.
- (6)
- Slag was produced by the Shanxi Taiyuan Iron and Steel Group, with a specific surface area of 450 m2/kg, a flowability ratio of 103%, and an ignition loss of 2.3%.
- (7)
- The water was drinking water.
- (8)
- Anhydrous sodium sulfate was used for preparing a 5% concentration Na2SO4 solution.
2.2. Test Research Method
2.2.1. Workability and Mechanical Properties of the Concrete Mixture
2.2.2. Alkali Aggregate Reactivity of Concrete
2.2.3. Sulfate Resistance of Concrete
2.2.4. Evaluation of the Adaptability of the Chain Extender Component to Concrete
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Workability and Mechanical Properties of the Concrete Mixtures
3.2. Sulfate Resistance of Concrete
3.3. SEM Microscopic Analysis of Concrete
3.4. Concrete Specimen Semi-Immersion and XRD Test Failure Mechanism
3.5. Study on the Adaptability of the Chain Extender Component to Ordinary Concrete
4. Evaluation Method Validity Verification
4.1. Mix Proportions of Concrete with Fly Ash and Slag as Dual Admixtures
4.2. Mix Performance and Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Fly Ash and Slag as Dual Admixtures
4.3. Sulfate Resistance of Concrete with Fly Ash and Slag as Dual Admixtures
4.4. Adaptability Evaluation of the Chain Extender Component to Concrete with Fly Ash and Slag as Dual Admixtures
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Through the SEM analysis, it was evident that the internal pores in concrete were significantly reduced by the chain extender component. The chain extender component improved the internal porosity of the concrete, resulting in a denser microstructure. As a result, the concrete’s impermeability and sulfate corrosion resistance was enhanced, while the impact on the properties of the mixture was minimal.
- (2)
- Based on the analysis of erosion products from specimens using the semi-immersion method, it was observed that chemical erosion primarily occurred in the immersion zone, while both chemical and physical erosion were present in the alternate wet–dry zone.
- (3)
- Although the chain extender component improved the internal pore structure of the concrete, further research is needed to assess the impact on concrete strength.
- (4)
- According to the evaluation using the 0–1 scoring method, Water Reducer 3 received a score of 20, while Water Reducer 3#–1 received a score of 4. Considering these results comprehensively, the chain extender component exhibited good adaptability to ordinary concrete.
- (5)
- To validate the effectiveness of the 0–1 scoring method, it was applied to evaluate the adaptability of fly ash and slag blended cement concrete. Water Reducer 3 obtained a score of 13, while Water Reducer 3#–1 received a score of 10. Considering these results comprehensively, the chain extender component demonstrated good adaptability to fly ash and slag blended cement concrete.
- (6)
- Overall, this method takes into consideration workability, strength, as well as impermeability, sulfate attack resistance, and alkali–aggregate reactions. It serves as a comprehensive evaluation method for assessing the adaptability of water reducers to concrete. This method can provide a reference for future research on the adaptability of water reducers to concrete.
- (7)
- In order to improve the sulfate corrosion resistance of concrete and to prepare sulfate corrosion resistant concrete, it is necessary to study the influence of other water reducers and admixtures on the sulfate corrosion resistance of concrete and the adaptability between the water reducers and admixtures. In addition, in order to further validate the effectiveness of the evaluation method, this method should be applied to fly ash, slag and silica fume three-admixture concrete and high-performance concrete (HPC). These findings will be the subject of subsequent publications.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Specific Surface Area/m2/kg | Setting Time/Min | 3d Strength/MPa | 28d Strength/MPa | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial Setting | Final Setting | Flexural | Compression Resistance | Flexural | Compression Resistance | |
324 | 167 | 218 | 5.0 | 22.1 | 8.5 | 49.2 |
Apparent Density/kg/m3 | Clay Content/% | Clay Lump Content/% | Alkali Activity (14 d Expansion Rate)/% | Firmness/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
2670 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 0.04 | 6 |
Sieve Hole Size/mm | 4.75 | 2.36 | 1.18 | 0.60 | 0.30 | 0.15 | Chassis | |
Cumulative Screen Sieve/% | Experiment 1 | 9.0 | 20.2 | 34.1 | 62.3 | 78.6 | 97.8 | 99.8 |
Experiment 2 | 8.7 | 19.8 | 34.4 | 60.8 | 80.6 | 98.1 | 98.7 |
Apparent Density/kg/m3 | Clay Content/% | Clay Lump Content/% | Firmness/% | Crushing Index/% | Alkali Activity (14 d Expansion Rate)/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2580 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1 | 9.6 | 0.03 |
Sieve Hole Size/mm | 26.5 | 19 | 16 | 9.5 | 4.75 | 2.36 | Chassis | |
Cumulative Screen Sieve/% | Experiment 1 | 4.5 | 20.8 | 40.8 | 85.0 | 93.1 | 98.5 | 100 |
Experiment 2 | 4.2 | 21.3 | 45.7 | 85.1 | 92.4 | 97.8 | 100 |
Recipe No. | Polycarboxylic Acid | Gluconic Acid, Sodium Salt | Sodium Tripolyphosphate | Sodium Hexametaphosphate | Sodium Bicarbonate | Chain Extender | Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate | Water | Water Reducing Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3# | 140 | 15 | 5 | 70 | 4 | 3 | 0.3 | 762.7 | ≥25% |
3#–1 | 140 | 15 | 5 | 70 | 4 | 0 | 0.3 | 762.7 | ≥25% |
Numbering | Water Reducer | Strength Grade | W/B Ratio | Sand-Aggregate/% | Mix Proportion/kg/m3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | Sand | Gravel | Water | Water Reducer | |||||
C25-1-1 | 3# | C25 | 0.53 | 38 | 320 | 725 | 1185 | 170 | 6.4 |
C25-1-2 | 3#–1 | C25 | 0.53 | 38 | 320 | 725 | 1185 | 170 | 6.4 |
C30-1-1 | 3# | C30 | 0.50 | 38 | 340 | 720 | 1170 | 170 | 6.8 |
C30-1-2 | 3#–1 | C30 | 0.50 | 38 | 340 | 720 | 1170 | 170 | 6.8 |
C35-1-1 | 3# | C35 | 0.45 | 39 | 370 | 719 | 1126 | 167 | 7.4 |
C35-1-2 | 3#–1 | C35 | 0.45 | 39 | 370 | 719 | 1126 | 167 | 7.4 |
C40-1-1 | 3# | C40 | 0.40 | 40 | 400 | 728 | 1092 | 160 | 8.0 |
C40-1-2 | 3#–1 | C40 | 0.40 | 40 | 400 | 728 | 1092 | 160 | 8.0 |
Numbering | Slump/mm | Slump Loss/mm | Air Content/% | Initial Setting Time/min | Final Setting Time/min | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initiation | 1 h | |||||
C25-1-1 | 220 | 195 | 25 | 2.0 | 341 | 472 |
C25-1-2 | 220 | 190 | 30 | 2.1 | 348 | 476 |
C30-1-1 | 220 | 190 | 30 | 2.1 | 345 | 470 |
C30-1-2 | 215 | 185 | 30 | 2.2 | 334 | 464 |
C35-1-1 | 225 | 190 | 35 | 2.2 | 328 | 462 |
C35-1-2 | 230 | 180 | 50 | 2.2 | 336 | 460 |
C40-1-1 | 215 | 190 | 25 | 2.3 | 343 | 474 |
C40-1-2 | 210 | 180 | 30 | 2.3 | 325 | 453 |
Numbering | Impervious Grade | Sulfate Resistance Rating | Sulphate Precipitation/g | Mass Difference/g | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15d | 30d | 60d | Ʃ60d | ||||
C25-1-1 | P8 | KS30 | 10.04 | 8.11 | 6.71 | 24.86 | 5.85 |
C25-1-2 | P7 | KS30 | 7.36 | 6.23 | 5.17 | 18.76 | 9.78 |
C30-1-1 | P9 | KS60 | 17.91 | 14.23 | 11.02 | 43.16 | 7.53 |
C30-1-2 | P8 | KS30 | 8.23 | 7.56 | 5.85 | 21.64 | 10.52 |
C35-1-1 | P10 | KS60 | 19.00 | 16.42 | 12.53 | 47.95 | 7.64 |
C35-1-2 | P10 | KS30 | 9.08 | 8.77 | 6.32 | 24.17 | 14.53 |
C40-1-1 | P11 | KS60 | 19.70 | 16.81 | 12.81 | 49.32 | 6.55 |
C40-1-2 | P11 | KS30 | 10.85 | 10.22 | 8.77 | 29.84 | 14.59 |
Type of Water Reducer | Slump Loss Value | P | KS | Pan Alkali | Compressive Strength | Total Score | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7d | 28d | 56d | ||||||
3# | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 20 |
3#–1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
Numbering | Water Reducer | Strength Grade | W/B Ratio | Sand-Aggregate/% | Mix Proportion/kg/m3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | Fly Ash | Slag | Sand | Gravel | Water | Water Reducer | |||||
C25-2-1 | 3# | C25 | 0.50 | 43 | 260 | 70 | 40 | 793 | 1052 | 185 | 7.4 |
C25-2-2 | 3#–1 | C25 | 0.50 | 43 | 260 | 70 | 40 | 793 | 1052 | 185 | 7.4 |
C30-2-1 | 3# | C30 | 0.45 | 42 | 290 | 70 | 30 | 770 | 1063 | 176 | 7.8 |
C30-2-2 | 3#–1 | C30 | 0.45 | 42 | 290 | 70 | 30 | 770 | 1063 | 176 | 7.8 |
C35-2-1 | 3# | C35 | 0.42 | 41 | 320 | 60 | 30 | 743 | 1069 | 172 | 8.2 |
C35-2-2 | 3#–1 | C35 | 0.42 | 41 | 320 | 60 | 30 | 743 | 1069 | 172 | 8.2 |
C40-2-1 | 3# | C40 | 0.38 | 40 | 350 | 60 | 30 | 710 | 1066 | 167 | 8.8 |
C40-2-2 | 3#–1 | C40 | 0.38 | 40 | 350 | 60 | 30 | 710 | 1066 | 167 | 8.8 |
Numbering | Slump/mm | Slump Loss/mm | Air Content/% | Initial Setting Time/min | Final Setting Time/min | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initiation | 1 h | |||||
C25-2-1 | 235 | 200 | 35 | 2.3 | 365 | 490 |
C25-2-2 | 230 | 190 | 40 | 2.1 | 380 | 495 |
C30-2-1 | 220 | 205 | 15 | 2.1 | 348 | 478 |
C30-2-2 | 210 | 195 | 25 | 2.3 | 371 | 474 |
C35-2-1 | 225 | 195 | 30 | 2.5 | 355 | 487 |
C35-2-2 | 225 | 190 | 35 | 2.4 | 359 | 500 |
C40-2-1 | 205 | 190 | 15 | 2.6 | 300 | 474 |
C40-2-2 | 210 | 180 | 30 | 2.1 | 320 | 493 |
Numbering | Impervious Grade | Sulfate Resistance Rating | Sulphate Precipitation/g | Mass Difference/g | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15d | 30d | 60d | Ʃ60d | ||||
C25-2-1 | 8 | 60 | 9.52 | 8.01 | 6.52 | 24.05 | 4.98 |
C25-2-2 | 8 | 60 | 8.84 | 7.64 | 5.82 | 22.30 | 7.60 |
C30-2-1 | 9 | 90 | 10.11 | 8.23 | 6.31 | 24.65 | 7.08 |
C30-2-2 | 8 | 90 | 9.8 | 8.07 | 6.28 | 24.15 | 5.77 |
C35-2-1 | 11 | 90 | 10.09 | 8.46 | 6.82 | 25.37 | 8.73 |
C35-2-2 | 10 | 90 | 9.95 | 8.16 | 6.12 | 24.23 | 9.39 |
C40-2-1 | 12 | 90 | 10.07 | 9.02 | 6.33 | 25.42 | 12.78 |
C25-2-1 | 8 | 60 | 9.52 | 8.01 | 6.52 | 24.05 | 4.98 |
Type of Water Reducer | Slump Loss Value | P | KS | Pan Alkali | Compressive Strength | Total Score | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7d | 28d | 56d | ||||||
3# | 4 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 13 |
3#–1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 10 |
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Wu, B.; Li, X.; Meng, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, L.; Zhang, Q. An Experimental Study and Adaptability Evaluation of Chain Extender Component in Water Reducer on the Sulfate Corrosion Resistance of Ordinary Concrete. Coatings 2023, 13, 1958. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111958
Wu B, Li X, Meng X, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Zhang Q. An Experimental Study and Adaptability Evaluation of Chain Extender Component in Water Reducer on the Sulfate Corrosion Resistance of Ordinary Concrete. Coatings. 2023; 13(11):1958. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111958
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Bin, Xianjun Li, Xianjie Meng, Yuanyaun Zhang, Lijun Zhao, and Qiang Zhang. 2023. "An Experimental Study and Adaptability Evaluation of Chain Extender Component in Water Reducer on the Sulfate Corrosion Resistance of Ordinary Concrete" Coatings 13, no. 11: 1958. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111958