Lavender Essential Oil as Antibacterial Treatment for Packaging Paper
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Lavender EO
2.1.1. GC–MS Analysis
2.1.2. Antimicrobial Testing of the Essential Oil
2.2. Paper Samples
2.2.1. Microscopic Analysis
2.2.2. The Papermaking Process
2.2.3. Basic Weight, Thickness, Density, Porosity, Smoothness
2.2.4. Tensile Strength, TEA Index, Elongation and Tear Resistance
2.3. Lavender EO Treatment of Obtained Wrapping Paper
2.4. Antimicrobial Testing of Treated Wrapping Paper
3. Results
3.1. Lavender EO Characteristics
3.2. Antimicrobial Activity of Lavender EO
3.3. Cellulose Fiber Characterization
3.4. Base Paper and Treated Paper Characterization
3.5. Antimicrobial Activity of Paper Treated with Lavender EO
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Lavender EO |
---|---|
Appearance | Transparent, very mobile liquid |
Color | Colorless to pale yellow |
Odor | Floral herbaceous scent and balsamic—woody undertone |
Relative density, d | 0.8862 ± 0.05 |
Refractive index, n | 1.4626 ± 0.02 |
Polarization coefficient, α | −8 ± 0.02 |
Acid number, (mg KOH/g oil) | 0.9 ± 0.04 |
№ | Ingredients | RT | Content, % |
---|---|---|---|
1. | α-Thujene | 9.70 | 0.15 |
2. | α-Pinene | 9.93 | 0.31 |
3. | Camphene | 10.47 | 0.23 |
4. | β-Pinene | 11.60 | 0.19 |
5. | 3-Octanone | 11.74 | 0.22 |
6. | Myrcene | 11.81 | 0.53 |
7. | δ 3-carene | 12.42 | 0.11 |
8. | Hexyl acetate | 12.62 | 0.07 |
9. | p-Cymene | 13.10 | 0.57 |
10. | Limonene | 13.23 | 0.29 |
11. | Eucalyptol + β-Phellandrene | 13.27 | 0.68 |
12. | β-cis-Ocimene | 13.35 | 5.52 |
13. | β-trans-Ocimene | 13.67 | 1.79 |
14. | cis-Linalyl Oxide | 14.54 | 0.18 |
15. | trans-Linalyl Oxide | 15.05 | 0.10 |
16. | β-Linalool | 15.55 | 27.67 |
17. | 1-Octen-3-yl-acetate | 15.67 | 1.28 |
18. | Camphor | 16.90 | 0.22 |
19. | Lavandulol | 17.40 | 0.70 |
20. | Borneol | 17.67 | 0.66 |
21. | Terpinene-4-ol | 17.94 | 6.13 |
22. | Cryptone | 18.12 | 0.10 |
23. | Hexyl isobutyrate | 18.18 | 0.11 |
24 | α-Terpineol | 18.35 | 1.72 |
25. | Nerol | 19.21 | 0.14 |
26. | Linalyl acetate | 19.96 | 36.05 |
27. | Lavandulyl acetate | 20.82 | 4.87 |
28. | Neryl acetate | 22.82 | 0.51 |
29. | Geranyl acetate | 23.35 | 0.97 |
30. | β-Caryophyllene | 24.50 | 4.68 |
31. | α-Bergamotene | 24.78 | 0.17 |
32. | (Z)-β-Farnesene | 25.25 | 1.89 |
33. | α-Caryophyllene | 25.40 | 0.16 |
34. | Germacrene D | 26.03 | 0.19 |
35. | Caryophyllene oxide | 28.52 | 0.53 |
Total | 99.69 |
Sample | Tested Microorganisms | Inhibition Zone (mm) | |
---|---|---|---|
A | Gram-positive bacteria | Staphylococcus aureus | 13.9 ± 0.2 |
B | Bacillus cereus | 14.5 ± 0.4 | |
C | Gram-negative bacteria | Escherichia coli | 12.4 ± 0.1 |
D | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 11.7 ± 0.5 | |
E | Salmonella abony | 11.1 ± 0.1 | |
F | Yeast | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 21.0 ± 0.2 |
G | Candida albicans | 18.6 ± 0.3 | |
H | Fungal strain | Aspergillus brasiliensis | 17.0 ± 0.5 |
I | Fusarium moniliforme | 15.0 ± 0.5 |
Paper Properties | Testing Method | Only Pulp | Base Paper | Lavender-Treated Paper | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basic weight | ISO 536:2012 | g/m2 | 50.89 | 50.96 | 50.88 |
Thickness | ISO 534:2011 | mm | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
Density | ISO 534:2011 | kg/m3 | 63.61 | 63.73 | 63.42 |
Porosity | ISO 534:2011 | % | 95.76 | 95.75 | 96.76 |
Smoothness (Bekk, top side) | ISO 5627/A1:2004 | s | 10.98 | 10.96 | 10.89 |
Sample | Composition | Tensile Index, Nm/g | TEA Index, mJ/g | Elongation, % | Tear Index, Mn·m2/g |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | Only pulp | 63.0 | 1070 | 2.4 | 1.1004 |
1 | Base paper | 69.5 | 1430 | 2.9 | 1.0989 |
2 | Lavender-treated paper | 65.6 | 1210 | 2.6 | 1.1084 |
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Todorova, D.; Yavorov, N.; Lasheva, V.; Damyanova, S.; Kostova, I. Lavender Essential Oil as Antibacterial Treatment for Packaging Paper. Coatings 2023, 13, 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010032
Todorova D, Yavorov N, Lasheva V, Damyanova S, Kostova I. Lavender Essential Oil as Antibacterial Treatment for Packaging Paper. Coatings. 2023; 13(1):32. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010032
Chicago/Turabian StyleTodorova, Dimitrina, Nikolay Yavorov, Veska Lasheva, Stanka Damyanova, and Iliana Kostova. 2023. "Lavender Essential Oil as Antibacterial Treatment for Packaging Paper" Coatings 13, no. 1: 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010032