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Background:
Systematic Review

Universal Adhesives: Evaluation of the Relationship between Bond Strength and Application Strategies—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses

by
Federico Triani
,
Lígia Pereira da Silva
*,
Bernardo Ferreira Lemos
,
Joana Domingues
,
Liliana Teixeira
and
Patrícia Manarte-Monteiro
FP-I3ID, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Coatings 2022, 12(10), 1501; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101501
Submission received: 7 September 2022 / Revised: 29 September 2022 / Accepted: 4 October 2022 / Published: 8 October 2022
Browse Figure
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Adhesive resins with guided application protocols have been developed with the main goal of reducing the number of clinical steps. Universal Adhesives (UA) can be applied with both Self-Etch (SE) or Etch-and-Rinse (ER) adhesion strategies. This review aims to evaluate the bond strength of UA, applied to dental tissues, by a systematic bibliometric review of in vitro studies. The research question, through the PICO model, aimed to assess the current knowledge of the immediate and long-term bond strength of UA, applied with a direct restorative technique. PubMed and ScienceDirect database searches focused on the bond resistance of UA applied with the ER and SE strategies. Studies assessing shear bond strength and microtensile bond strength, in both enamel and dentin, were included. From 1109 screened articles, 12 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The bond strength of UA to enamel showed better results with the ER approach, while the adhesion strategy did not significantly affect the bond strength of UA to dentin. Evidence from in vitro studies has tended to suggest that the use of the SE adhesion approach seems to be a better choice to improve the bond strength to the dentin. The selective enamel etching is advisable when applied with the SE adhesion approach to optimize the UA bond strength to the enamel.

1. Introduction

With the evolution of minimally invasive dentistry, many dental professionals have requested the development of adhesive products with simplified adhesion protocols that enable a reduction in the number of clinical steps during restorative procedures. These products should be suitable for a greater variety of dental restorations that overlook the guarantee of adhesion between the dental substrates and the restorative material applied. The increased demand for these materials has led to Universal Adhesives (AU), which could be applied according to the adhesion strategy, Self-Etch (SE) and Etch-and-Rinse (ER) [1].
The ER adhesion strategy requires the application of orthophosphoric acid and abundant washing with water to remove the hydroxyapatite microcrystalline, the organic particles and the smear layer, thereby demineralizing the enamel and dentin surface layers. Those adhesives systems can involve 2 (ER-2) or 3 (ER-3) clinical steps. In the three-step ER system, the hydrophilic primer and the hydrophobic bonding (fluid resin) are presented in two separate bottles/steps [2].
In the SE adhesion strategy, the previous orthophosphoric acid-conditioning step is eliminated as those adhesive products contain acidic primers in their compositions. Those components enable preparation of the dental substrates by integrating the smear layer with the adhesive interface, thus using it as an adhesive substrate. In this way, the SE adhesion mode simultaneously demineralizes and infiltrates enamel and dentin dental tissues. These adhesive systems may contemplate one (SE-1) or two (SE-2) steps, which varies according to the presentation of the acidic primer and the fluid resin, which may be combined or separated. SE adhesives can be classified as “soft” (pH > 2), “moderate” (pH between 1 and 2) and “aggressive” (pH < 1), according to the increasing demineralization potential effect [3].
Universal adhesives were introduced to the market in 2011 and gained popularity among dental professionals, owing to their unique properties, such as the potential to bond to different kinds of clinical dental substrates and fewer technical steps. UA can bond to dental substrates, ceramic, composites and metal substrates. Therefore, they are also referred to as “multi-mode” adhesives [4].
Universal adhesives can generally be applied as one-step SE or two-step ER when phosphoric acid is used. Additionally, UAs present, in their constitution, specific carboxylate and/or phosphate monomers that ionically bind to the calcium contained in hydroxyapatite. The most common functional monomer is 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP), which creates a strong chemical interaction with hydroxyapatite. 10-MDP induces the surface dissolution of hydroxyapatite with the subsequent formation of MDP–calcium salts [5].
The concentration of 10-MDP varies between different UAs, which influences the bond strength of the adhesive. It has been shown that the higher the monomer concentration, the stronger the bond strength of the adhesive [6]. Some studies have reported the formation of a “nano-layer” between the 10-MDP and the tooth structure. The occurrence of this phenomenon constitutes a key component of the adhesive interface, which may contribute to the longevity of the bond [7].
Bond strength is a key element in assessing the effectiveness of an adhesive. The two tests currently available to evaluate the adhesive strength between the two substrates are the (1) “shear bond strength test”, i.e., the load that a material is capable of withstanding in a direction parallel to the face of the material, which is the maximum shear stress in the adhesive before failure under torsional loading (using a universal testing machine of the Instron type) and the (2) “microtensile bond strength”, i.e., the division of resin-bonded teeth into plates with a thickness between 0.5 and 1.0 mm, which are then trimmed in such a way that the tensile force will be concentrated at the bonded interface during the test [8,9].
The materials studied in this systematic research are polymeric materials used in daily practice in restorative dentistry. The need to expand the current knowledge of dental research in this field is crucial to achieve a greater understanding of the in vitro performance of diverse UAs that are available on the market.
The main purpose of this systematic review is to analyze the immediate and long-term bond strength of universal adhesives, which are applied with direct restorative techniques to the tooth substrate, both enamel and dentin tissues. The type of surface conditioning recommended for each substrate will also be discussed.

2. Materials and Methods

This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines [10].
The research question, based on the PICO model, aimed to assess the in vitro outputs and current knowledge of the immediate and long-term bond strength of UA to both enamel and dentin dental tissues when applied by ER and SE adhesive strategies.
This review has been submitted to PROSPERO (The International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) and is registered under the code CRD42022339745.

2.1. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Only in vitro studies involving permanent teeth and assessing shear bond strength or microtensile bond strength on enamel and dentin were included. In vitro outputs of UA bond strength, when applied by both ER and SE direct restorative strategies, were included and analyzed.
Only articles written in the English language and published between 2007 and 2022 were considered in this review. Published research other than those considered in the inclusion criteria, such as those that assessed another UA property, written in a language other than English and whose in vitro sample size was less than 20 teeth, were excluded.
The inclusion and exclusion criteria were established by a consensus reached by three examiners (F.T., L.P.S. and B.L.) after discussion and consideration of the research question and the purposes of this study, while aiming for an ample range of results to be provided by the search.

2.2. Search Strategy

2.2.1. Sources of Information

An electronic search was made in PubMed and ScienceDirect electronic databases. The structured search strategy of the articles and data extraction were conducted by two calibrated examiners (F.T. and L.P.S.) to identify all the in vitro studies on UA applied by both the ER and SE adhesion strategies.

2.2.2. Search Terms

The search strategy included Mesh (Medical Subjects Headings) terms: “Dental Bonding”, “Dental Adhesives”, “Composite Resins”, “Dental Materials” and 8 uncontrolled descriptors: “Universal Adhesives”, “Multi-mode Adhesives“, “Bond Strength”, “Shear Bond Strength”, “Microtensile Bond Strength”, “Bonding Performance”, “Resin-based Composite” and “Dental Resins”. Boolean operators (“OR” and “AND”) were used to join search terms that were relevant to the search question (Table 1). The last search was performed in March 2022.

2.2.3. Study Selection

Articles identified using the search terms were exported to EndNote desktop 20.3 software to check for duplicates. A first screening of record titles and abstracts was carried out by three independent examiners (J.D., L.T. and P.M.-M.) according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The remaining studies were assessed for eligibility and qualitative synthesis by full-text screening.

2.2.4. Study Data

Bibliometric analysis was performed by recording the following variables: Authors and year of publication. The methodology of analysis included the aims, materials and methods and outputs of the included studies, i.e., the results (expressed in MPa) of two variables on the bond test, namely the mean value of the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and mean value of the shear bond strength (SBS), with their respective Standard Deviation (SD).
For the synthesis of outcomes, studies were categorized in terms of the significant results found regarding the UAs used.

2.3. Quality Assessment

The quality of the studies was assessed using the modified CONSORT checklist of items for reporting pre-clinical studies on dental materials/devices [11].

3. Results

3.1. Study Selection and Flow Diagram

A total of 1109 preliminary references were assessed (Figure 1). After excluding duplicates, the remaining articles were screened and 1069 were excluded after reading the title and/or abstract.
The resulting 29 articles were examined at a full-text level, and out of these, 17 articles were excluded due to their evaluation of bond strength when indirect restorative techniques were applied (n = 7), assessment of adhesive properties other than bond strength (n = 4), not written in the English language (n = 3), appraisal of seventh generation SE adhesives (n = 2) and not referring to the exact mean values of either SBS or µTBS (n = 1).

3.2. Study Characteristics

Study Type

To evaluate the results of the bond tests and the mean values of SBS and of µTBS with regards to UAs, a total of 12 in vitro studies were considered. All the reviewed studies are summarized in Table 2.

3.3. Quality Assessment

All the in vitro studies analysed with the modified CONSORT checklist (Table 3) presented a structured abstract (item 1) and an introduction that provided scientific background on UA (Item 2a) and clear objectives and hypotheses (Item 2b). The description of methodology and the included variables was sufficiently clear to allow for replication in all the studies (Items 3 and 4), but the majority of them did not present a detailed report on the calculation of the sample size, random allocation sequence or the inclusion of a control group (Items 5–9). All the studies indicated that the statistical method used (Item 10) presented the significance level as p values, but did not all register the confidence intervals (Item 11). The discussions included a brief synopsis of the key findings, comparisons with relevant findings from other published studies and limitations of the studies (Item 12). The sources of funding (if any) were indicated in the majority of studies (Item 13) and indications of access to full trial protocols were obviated in all studies (Item 14).

3.4. Study Results

3.4.1. Mean Microtensile Bond Strength (µTBS) Analysis

Nine studies analyzed µTBS values. Six papers only examined µTBS in dentin dental tissue (Marchesi et al., 2014; Jang et al., 2016; Cardoso et al., 2019; Ahmed et al., 2020; Burrer et al., 2020; and Giacomini et al., 2020). One paper solely studied µTBS on enamel (De Goes, Shinohara and Freitas, 2014). Two papers evaluated µTBS in both dentin and enamel tissues (Frattes et al., 2017 and Cruz et al., 2019).
In four studies, both immediate and long-term bond strength analysis was performed after six-months (Cardoso et al., 2019; Ahmed et al., 2020; and Burrer et al., 2020) and after six-months and one-year (Marchesi et al., 2014).
The studies by Frattes et al. (2017) and Cardoso et al. (2019) were not performed in human teeth, but in bovine teeth
Frattes et al. (2017) performed a study without a control group, given that the authors compared bond strength values between randomized groups with and without eroded surfaces.
The main outcomes, as well as the means and standard deviations values obtained in each study, are presented in Table 2.

3.4.2. Mean Shear Bond Strength (SBS) Analysis

Three studies analyzed SBS values: two papers solely examined SBS in enamel tissue (Beltrami et al. (2016) and Kharouf et al. (2020)) and one paper evaluated SBS in both dentin and enamel tissues (Jacker-Guhr, Sander and Luehrs (2019)).
In the study performed by Jacker-Guhr, Sander and Luerhs (2019), the samples were aged by thermocycling (10.000 cycles of 5°/55 °C, dwell time 30 s, transfer time 10 s). Beltrami et al. (2016) and Kharouf et al. (2020) solely analyzed immediate SBS bond strength.
The studies by Beltrami et al. (2016) and Jacker-Guhr, Sander and Luehrs (2019) were not performed in human teeth, but in bovine teeth.
The main outcomes, as well as the means and standard deviations values obtained by each study, are presented in Table 2.

4. Discussion

This updated systematic review was carried out with respect to the bond strength of the UAs to different types of tooth substrates (enamel and dentin), depending on the application strategy, namely the SE or ER adhesion modes. It can be stated that there is an association between the nature of dental substrate and the mode of application used, however it is impossible to state which UA had better results, due to the fact that each study used different experimental methodologies, namely the type of test performed (the SBS or μTBS test).
The SBS and µTBS tests are used to evaluate the adhesion between different materials and substrates, thus contributing greatly to the advancement of adhesive systems. These micro-tests have the advantages of being able to identify, with more precision, a greater percentage of cohesive failures with low coefficients of variation and the possibility of assessing different areas of the same specimen, while enabling the calculation of the mean and standard deviation [24].
Similar to the µTBS test, the SBS technique involves the testing of small areas and admits preparation of multiple specimens from the same tooth. However, the splitting and trimming steps, which may generate early microcracking, are avoided [25].
Hence, micro-tests are considered to be more reliable, which is more closely reflective of the interfacial bond strength, as it offers more uniform stress distribution. While clinical trials yield the most reliable evidence, in vitro tests provide immediate information regarding the bonding effectiveness of new adhesive materials [26].
According to the studies by De Goes, Shinohara and Freitas (2014), Beltrami et al. (2016) and Kharouf et al. (2021), which solely evaluated the bond strength on enamel, the authors agree that a prior acid conditioning of the surface significantly improves adhesion [13,14,23]. In enamel, acid etching creates microporosities that are readily penetrated, even by common hydrophobic bonding agents, by capillary attraction. The polymerization of monomers and the mechanical retention of small resin connections with the enamel surface provides the best bond to this tooth substrate [2].
It is important to state that, in the studies by De Goes, Shinohara and Freitas (2014), Beltrami et al. (2016) and Kharouf et al. (2021), the adhesives selected for the control groups are considered to be gold standards and thus always showed better or equal results when compared to the UAs tested. Hence, none of the authors found differences in statistical significance on the UAs tested. Nevertheless, it is of relevance to the work by Kharouf et al. (2021), in which a higher bond strength value for the UA was found. These could be related to the friction technique of the adhesive during application.
In contrast, the results found for dentin are conflicting. Giacomini et al. (2020) showed better immediate and long-term μTBS results with the SE adhesion strategy [22], however the studies by Ahmed et al. (2020), Marchesi et al. (2014) and Cardoso et al. (2019) showed better immediate bond strengths for the ER testing group [12,19,20]. Nonetheless, for this same group, after a follow-up period of six months, the SE group showed more reliable results with higher bond strength values. The authors suggested that these results can be explained by hydrolytic degradation, due to a greater aggressiveness of the acid, with a consequent dissolution of the smear layer. Those findings and the consequent reasoning are also supported by several other studies [1,27,28].
The hybrid layer created by the adhesive, applied with the ER adhesion mode, can suffer degradation in a period of time ranging from six-months to three–five years because of the loss of collagen fiber cross bands and an increase in water absorption, thus resulting in a decrease in bond strength between the surfaces [29].
Jacker-Guhr, Sander and Luehrs (2019) agree with the results of the studies listed above, however the authors did not perform a long-term assessment in their study [18]. Jang et al. (2016), Frattes et al. (2017) and Cruz et al. (2019) stated that UAs showed promising bond strength values, regardless of the type of adhesion strategy used [15,16,17].
The Burrer et al. (2020) study only evaluated the ER adhesion mode, but used different adhesive application times and durations of acid pre-etching [21]. The authors found no significant differences in bond strength values (µTBS exclusively in dentin) between the tested groups, in which several times were used for the etching application. However, the lowest bond strength value was found for the group with the shortest acid pre-etching time (10 s). Earlier studies established a correlation between extended pre-etching time and the consequent depth of the tissue demineralization, thus ensuring a poorly infiltrated hybrid layer [30,31,32,33], increased surface roughness [32] and a reduced bond strength value [33].
Hence, despite the reliability of the adhesion to enamel, dentin bonding has been found to be less predictable. The main obstacle is the heterogeneity of dentin, with hydroxyapatite crystals interposed within collagen fibers [34]. Furthermore, dentin is intimately connected to the pulp tissue by means of numerous fluid-filled tubules that run through the dentin from the pulp to the dentin–enamel junction. Once under constant external pressure, this fluid makes the exposed dentin surface moist and therefore intrinsically hydrophilic, thus being the greatest challenge for adhesion on this dental substrate [35].
The different results found for dentin can be explained by the different compositions of the UAs analyzed—those with the functional monomer 10-MDP in their composition showed better results in terms of bond strength and stability over time due to the strong hydrophobicity of the hybrid layer formed (10-MDP and hydroxyapatite crystals). This layer protects against the hydrolytic degradation process, as demonstrated in the outputs of the study by Jin et al. (2022). The authors concluded that 10-MDP forms a stable collagen-phosphate complex with the collagen present in dentin, generating MDP-calcium salts that are deposited on the dentin collagen frame, which protects it from hydrolytic degradation. Both free 10-MDP and MDP-calcium salts inhibit metallopeptidases and proteases [36].
Another factor that may also interfere and influence the bond strength values is the adhesive’s pH value. The use of the ER adhesion strategy can improve the bond strength results of UAs with mild (pH ≈ 2; granting an interaction depth of 1 µm) and ultra-mild (pH > 2.5; allowing a true nano interaction zone, contrary to the conventional thicker hybrid layer) pH values [37,38,39]. Mild and ultra-mild adhesives demineralize dentin superficially, hence the smear plug is not completely removed from the dentine tubule. As a result, a shallow hybrid layer is formed [40].
Generally, phosphoric acid is used in gel form, with a concentration between 30% and 40% (pH ranging from 0.1 to 0.4) [41]. Selective enamel etching is a pre-requisite for ultra-mild UAs applied in a self-etch strategy, since they have proven to be unable to etch enamel at the same depth of phosphoric acid [40].
However, it must be considered that the etch application may negatively interfere with the long-term adhesive-dentin bond, causing the degradation of collagen fibers inside the demineralized dentin [41,42]. This factor was not considered in the studies included in this systematic review.
Moreover, further longitudinal studies regarding UA clinical performance are also required to support, or not, those in vitro findings. Recently, the two-year follow up results of a randomized clinical trial, which evaluated the performance of UA, showed differences in the clinical performance (cumulative decrease in clinical performance with the SE adhesion strategy), functional success (decreased marginal adaptation with UAs applied by both the SE and ER modes) and retention rates (overall retention rate: 94.8%; the annual failure rate showed higher values for the control group (12.5%) than for the UAs tested) of the UAs applied [43].
Another study by Cruz et al. revealed better results for clinical outputs when the UA was applied by the SE mode rather than by the ER adhesion mode [44].

5. Conclusions

The bond strength of UA to enamel showed better results with the ER adhesion mode, while the adhesion strategy did not significantly affect the bond strength of UA to dentin. Evidence from in vitro studies also suggested that the use of SE adhesion approach seems to be a better choice to improve the bond strength of UA to the dentin tissues.
Selective enamel etching is advisable when the SE adhesion approach is applied to optimize the UA bond strength to the enamel tissue. Selective etching corresponds to a technique in which solely the enamel margin surfaces are etched with 30–40% phosphoric acid, prior to the adhesive application, to ensure a stronger and adequate bond to the enamel surface.
Dental professionals should select the most suitable adhesion strategy for each type of dental tissues as this step is essential for a better prognosis of the overall direct restorative technique. More systematic or meta-analysis reviews should be performed to determine the relationship of the in vitro bond strength results and the main clinical performance outputs of UA, and of adhesion approaches to both enamel and dentin tissues.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization and data extraction F.T. and L.P.d.S.; methodology, F.T. and L.P.d.S.; validation in vitro studies, J.D., L.T. and P.M.-M.; resources, F.T. and L.P.d.S.; data curation, F.T., L.P.d.S., B.F.L., J.D. and L.T.; writing—original draft preparation, F.T., L.P.d.S. and B.F.L.; writing—review and editing, F.T., L.P.d.S., B.F.L. and P.M.-M.; visualization, L.T. and P.M.-M.; supervision, L.P.d.S., B.F.L. and P.M.-M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Coatings 12 01501 g001 550
Figure 1. Systematic review search flowchart, according to PRISMA, illustrating the study inclusion.
Figure 1. Systematic review search flowchart, according to PRISMA, illustrating the study inclusion.
Coatings 12 01501 g001
Table
Table 1. Search strategy used in each electronic database.
Table 1. Search strategy used in each electronic database.
SEARCH FIELDMESH TERMS OR KEYWORDS
Search field 1(“Dental Bonding” OR “Dental Adhesives“ OR “Universal Adhesives” OR “Multi-mode Adhesives”)
AND
Search field 2(“Composite Resins” OR “Resin-based Composite” OR “Dental Resins” OR “Dental Materials”)
AND
Search field 3(“Bond Strength” OR “Shear Bond Strength” OR “Microtensile Bond Strength” OR “Bonding Performance”)
Table
Table 2. Summary of the reviewed in vitro studies [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23].
Table 2. Summary of the reviewed in vitro studies [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23].
Author, YearSample Size (N)
Total (Per Group)		Intervention GroupControl GroupBond Strength Evaluation
UA Applied
Name (Brand)		Application StrategyAdhesive Applied Name (Brand)Application StrategyBond Strength Test Applied (Tissue)Testing Machine
Name (Brand)		Mean SBS or µTBS
Mean (SD) (MPa)		Main Outcomes
Marchesi et al., 201460 (15) (Human molars)Scotchbond™ Universal
(3M ESPE)		ER
SE		Prime&Bond® NT (Dentsply)ERµTBS (Dentin)NRIntervention Groups
24 h—SE: 35.5 (9.7); ER dry bonding: 41.6 (10.3); ER wet bonding: 34.8 (9.4)
6 months—SE: 27.6 (8.8); ER dry bonding: 24.7 (7.7); ER wet bonding: 24.3 (7.1)
1 year—SE: 26.8 (9.5); ER dry bonding: 21.8 (9.4); ER wet bonding: 21.9 (9.5)
ControlGroups
24 h: 34.8 (11.4); 6 months: 32.6 (10.7); 1 year: 32.4 (11.7)		SE group showed higher µTBS values compared to other groups
De Goes, Shinohara and Freitas, 201430 (8)
(Human molars)		Scotchbond™ Universal
(3M ESPE)		ER
SE		Clearfil™ SE Bond (Kurakay); Scotchbond™ Multi-Purpose (3M ESPE); Excite® F (Ivoclar)ER
SE		µTBS
(Enamel)		EZ-Test™ (Shimadzu®)Intervention Groups
ER: 33.6 (9.3); SE: 27.4 (8.5)
ControlGroups
Clearfil™ SE Bond: 28.5 (8.3)
Etched Clearfil™ SE Bond: 34.2 (9.0)
Scotchbond™ Multi-Purpose: 30.4 (11.0)
Excite® F: 23.3 (8.2)		Enamel pre-etching increases bond strength values of UAs
Beltrami et al., 2016160 (80)
(Bovine incisors)		Scotchbond™ Universal (3M ESPE); Futurabond® M+ (VOCO); Adhese® Universal (Ivoclar); Clearfil™ Universal Bond (Kurakay);
GBU-500 (GC Corporation); Peak™ Universal Bond (Ultradent)		ER
SE		Clearfil™ SE Bond 2 (Kurakay); Optibond™ XTR (Kerr)ER
SE		SBS
(Enamel)		Universal Testing Machine Model 3343 (Instron®)Intervention Groups
Scotchbond™ Universal—ER: 11.68 (2.41); SE: 2.90 (0.86)
Futurabond® M+—ER: 11.42 (3.66); SE: 2.83 (1.22)
Adhese® Universal—ER: 9.28 (2.97); SE: 3.44 (1.55)
Clearfil™ Universal Bond—ER: 7.13 (4.64); SE: 3.23 (1.64)
GBU-500 (GC Corporation)—ER: 10.61 (1.86); SE: 4.30 (3.39)
Peak™ Universal Bond—ER: 11.74 (2.26); SE: 2.75 (0.55)
Control Groups
Clearfil™ SE Bond 2—ER: 12.45 (2.94); SE: 4.35 (2.12); Optibond™ XTR—ER: 9.51 (5.87); SE: 3.90 (1.32)		All adhesives showed similar bond strength values when enamel pre-etching was performed
Jang et al., 201624 (4)
(Human molars)		All-Bond Universal® (Bisco)ER
SE		Clearfil™ SE Bond (Kurakay); One-Step Plus® (Bisco); Adper™ Single Bond Plus (3M ESPE);
Optibond FL™ (Kerr)		ER
SE		µTBS
(Dentin)		EZ-Test™ (Shimadzu®)Intervention Groups
ER: 38.81 (7.75); SE: 39.02 (10.81)
Control Groups
Clearfil™ SE Bond: 39.33 (6.95)
One-Step Plus®: 26.05 (4.42)
Adper™ Single Bond Plus: 27.06 (9.05)
Optibond FL™: 38.44 (7.57)		UAs create reliable bonds to dentin, regardless of application strategy
Frattes et al., 201744 (11) (Bovine incisors)Single Bond™ Universal (3M ESPE)ER
SE		NANAµTBS
(Enamel and dentin, both sound and eroded)		Universal Testing Machine DL-200MF (Instron®)Intervention Groups
Sound Enamel—ER: 28.00 (6.40); SE: 22.04 (3.27); Eroded Enamel—ER: 29.16 (6.32); SE: 27.75 (5.70)
Sound Dentin—ER: 23.34 (4.06); SE: 25.85 (5.53)
Eroded Dentin—ER: 29.29 (6.04); SE: 29.17 (5.22)		Erosion and surface pre-etching increased UAs bond strength to enamel but not to dentin
Cruz et al., 2019208 (13) (Human molars)Scotchbond™ Universal (3M ESPE); Adhese® Universal (Ivoclar); Clearfil™ Universal Bond (Kurakay); Optibond™ XTR (Kerr)SEScotchbond™ Universal (3M ESPE); Adhese® Universal (Ivoclar); Clearfil™ Universal Bond Quick (Kurakay); Optibond™ XTR (Kerr)ERµTBS
(Enamel and dentin)		Universal Testing Machine Model 4502 (Instron®)Intervention Groups vs. Control Groups
-Enamel
Scotchbond™ Universal—ER: 14.62 (6.29); SE: 14.62 (6.29)
Optibond™ XTR—ER: 11.99 (3.87); SE: 11.99 (3.87)
Adhese® Universal—ER: 10.69 (5.21); SE: 10.69 (5.21)
Clearfil™ Universal Bond—ER: 16.09 (7.09); SE: 16.09 (7.09)
-Dentin
Scotchbond™ Universal—ER: 23.44 (5.45); SE: 23.11 (11.12)
Optibond™ XTR—ER: 21.23 (5.97); SE: 18.76 (4.78)
Adhese® Universal—ER: 22.23 (6.91); SE: 22.27 (7.36)
Clearfil™ Universal Bond—ER: 17.82 (8.08); SE: 17.30 (8.00)		Dentin: adhesives resulted in statistically different µTBS means; no difference was found between SE and ER strategies
Enamel: both the mean µTBS and the application strategy were statistically different
Jacker-Guhr, Sander and Luehrs, 2019180 (10) (Bovine molars)Scotchbond™ Universal (3M ESPE); Prime&Bond Elect® (Dentsply); All-Bond Universal® (Bisco);
iBond® Universal (Kulzer)		ER
SE		Optibond FL™ (Kerr)ERSBS
(Enamel and dentin)		Type 20 K
(UTSTESTER®)		Intervention Groups
Scotchbond™ Universal—Enamel ER: 41.2 (2.5); Enamel ER + TC: 42.9 (6.9); Enamel SE: 21.9 (7.5); Enamel SE + TC: 25.7 (7.3); Dentin ER: 34.9 (10.4); Dentin ER + TC: 35.5 (8.5); Dentin SE: 22.5 (6.3); Dentin SE + TC: 20.5 (10.6); Prime&Bond Elect®—Enamel ER: 39.1 (7.0); Enamel ER + TC: 41.6 (6.2); Enamel SE: 16.1 (7.2); Enamel SE + TC: 18.6 (9.8); Dentin ER: 32.3 (10.4); Dentin ER + TC: 37.0 (11.6); Dentin SE: 22. 4 (6.9); Dentin SE + TC: 23.4 (8.9); All-Bond Universal®—Enamel ER: 41.6 (4.2); Enamel ER + TC: 43.1 (5.0); Enamel SE: 19.2 (3.1); Enamel SE + TC: 23.9 (7.9); Dentin ER: 35.1 (10.1); Dentin ER + TC: 37.3 (8.8); Dentin SE: 19.6 (6.1); Dentin SE + TC: 21.3 (6.4); iBond® Universal—Enamel ER: 33.8 (4.8); Enamel ER + TC: 32.1 (7.4); Enamel SE: 13.4 (3.7); Enamel SE + TC: 14.0 (7.5); Dentin ER: 30.6 (4.9); Dentin ER + TC: 21.5 (6.1); Dentin SE: 17.1 (3.5); Dentin SE + TC: 17.5 (5.2)
Control Groups
Optibond FL™—Enamel ER: 36.9 (2.5); Enamel ER + TC: 38.8 (8.29; Dentin ER: 32.0 (6.0); Dentin ER + TC: 36.9 (6.7)		UAs benefit from pre-etching as bond strength values increase, namely in enamel
Cardoso et al., 2019120 (5) (Bovine incisors)Ambar Universal™ (FGM); G-Bond™ (GC Corporation); Single Bond™ Universal (3M ESPE); Tetric® N-Bond Universal (Ivoclar); Ybond Universal™ (Yller)ER
SE		Clearfil™ SE Bond (Kurakay); Scotchbond™ Multi-Purpose (3M ESPE)ER
SE		µTBS
(Dentin)		Universal Testing Machine DL500 (Instron®)Intervention Groups
Ambar Universal™
ER—24 h: 30.0 (12.1); 6 months: 28.1 (8.0)
SE—24 h: 40.2 (16.5); 6 months: 25.4 (7.7)
G-Bond™
ER—24 h: 25.8 (5.2); 6 months: 11.8 (6.2)
SE—24 h: 21.8 (3.0); 6 months: 21.0 (9.8)
Single Bond™ Universal
ER—24 h: 34.8 (8.7); 6 months: 28.9 (9.7)
SE—24 h: 31.9 (14.5); 6 months: 27.5 (6.2)
Tetric® N-Bond Universal
ER—24 h: 36.0 (9.3); 6 months: 21.4 (3.1)
SE—24 h: 34.4 (13.0); 6 months: 32.3 (5.4)
Ybond Universal™
ER—24 h: 27.9 (7.4); 6 months: 31.6 (9.3)
SE—24 h: 23.8 (8.1); 6 months: 23.1 (3.7)
Control Groups
Clearfill™ SE Bond: SE—24 h: 34.4 (13.0); 6 months: 28.1 (10.6)
Scotchbond™ Multi-Purpose: ER—24 h: 34.0 (6.9); 6 months: 27.5 (9.4)		ER strategy: all adhesives showed similar results
SE strategy: the use of UAs, in dentin, should not be preceded by acid etching
Ahmed et al., 202040 (5)
(Human molars)		Clearfil™ Universal Bond (Kurakay)SEScotchbond™ Universal (3M ESPE); Clearfil™ SE Bond (Kurakay)ER
SE		µTBS
(Dentin)		Universal Testing Machine LRX (Deguma-Schutz® GmbH)Intervention Groups
Clearfil™ Universal Bond
SE: 0 s wait—1 week: 37.48 (12.65); 6 months: 39.62 (14.42); 20 s wait—1 week: 53.37 (18.94); 6 months: 38.83 (14.20); ER: 0 s wait—1 week: 44.01 (17.46); 6 months: 38.93 (18.10); 20 s wait—1 week: 62.88 (28.83); 6 months: 44.50 (14.34)
ControlGroups
Scotchbond™ Universal
SE: 1 week: 34.81 (22.88); 6 months: 36.32 (23.00); ER: 1 week: 46.14 (24.82); 6 months: 33.07 (18.31)
Clearfil™ SE Bond
SE: 1 week: 56.29 (17.76); 6 months: 57.62 (22.71); ER: 1 week: 64.50 (21.89); 6 months: 57.49 (21.19)		Clearfil™ Universal Bond Quick applied in the quick strategy did not underperform.
Superior bonding effectiveness was attained by Clearfil™ SE Bond in both SE and ER application strategies
Burrer et al., 202090 (10) (Human molars)Scotchbond™ Universal (3M ESPE)ERScotchbond™ Universal (3M ESPE)ERµTBS
(Dentin)		Universal Testing Machine Z010
(ZwickRoell®)		Intervention Groups
10 s acid/7.5 s adhesive: 1.51 (1.27); 20 s acid/7.5 s adhesive: 14.16 (5.01); 20 s acid/30 s adhesive: 12.68 (4.84); 20 s acid/60 s adhesive: 15.82 (4.03); 20 s acid/120 s adhesive: 13.84 (3.23); 40 s acid/30 s adhesive: 17.40 (2.33); 80 s acid/60 s adhesive: 18.84 (5.50); 160 s acid/120 s adhesive: 15.88 (4.58)
ControlGroups
20 s acid/15 s adhesive: 15.14 (5.46)		Recommended application time of an UA of at least 20 s when bonding to over-etched dentin
Giacomini et al., 2020102 (12) (Human molars)Adper™ Single Bond Universal (3M ESPE)ER
SE		Adper™ Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE)SEµTBS
(Dentin)		Universal Testing Machine Model 3342 (Instron®)Water
Intervention Groups—ER—Initial: 31.62 (8.20); 6 months: 32.05 (7.04); SE—Initial: 45.62 (12.39); 6 months: 40.15 (14.77)
Control Groups—Initial: 33.35 (9.01); 6 months: 32.59 (9.44)
Chlorhexidine
Intervention Groups—ER—Initial: 33.66 (7.79); 6 months: 33.79 (6.24); SE- Initial: 37.47 (10.68); 6 months: 34.25 (11.21)
Control Groups—Initial: 28.41 (7.64); 6 months: 31.55 (6.15)		Highest bond strength values resulted of the use of the universal adhesive in the self-etching mode
Kharouf et al., 202030 (20) (Human molars)Ybond Universal™ (Yller)ERYbond Universal™ (Yller)ER
SE		SBS (Enamel)Universal Testing Machine Model 3345 (Instron®)Intervention Groups: 25.98 (5.70)
Control Groups: SE: 9.96 (2.98); ER: 22.07 (5.27)		ER strategy with rubbing technique resulted in statistically significant greater SBS values
µTBS—Microtensile Bond Strength; ER—Etch and Rinse Strategy; MPa—Megapascal; N—Total number of specimens; NA—Not Applicable; NR—Not Referred; s—Seconds; SBS—Shear Bond Strength; SD—Standard Deviation; SE—Self-Etch Strategy; TC—Thermocycling; and UA—Universal Adhesive.
Table
Table 3. Results of the assessment of in vitro studies [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23] by the use of the modified CONSORT checklist [11]. Cells marked with an asterisk “*” represent study fulfilment for the given quality assessment parameter. Cells left blank represent non-fulfilment.
Table 3. Results of the assessment of in vitro studies [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23] by the use of the modified CONSORT checklist [11]. Cells marked with an asterisk “*” represent study fulfilment for the given quality assessment parameter. Cells left blank represent non-fulfilment.
Modified CONSORT Checklist of Items for Reporting In Vitro Studies of Dental Materials
12a2b34567891011121314
Marchesi et al., 2014***** * **
De Goes, Shinohara and Freitas, 2014***** * *
Beltrami et al., 2016***** * **
Jang et al., 2016***** * **
Frattes et al., 2017***** * *
Jacker-Guhr, Sander and Luehrs, 2019***** * **
Cruz et al., 2019***** * *
Cardoso et al., 2019***** * **
Ahmed et al., 2020***** ** **
Burrer et al., 2020***** * **
Giacomini et al., 2020***** * **
Kharouf et al., 2020***** * **
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Triani, F.; Pereira da Silva, L.; Ferreira Lemos, B.; Domingues, J.; Teixeira, L.; Manarte-Monteiro, P. Universal Adhesives: Evaluation of the Relationship between Bond Strength and Application Strategies—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. Coatings 2022, 12, 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101501

AMA Style

Triani F, Pereira da Silva L, Ferreira Lemos B, Domingues J, Teixeira L, Manarte-Monteiro P. Universal Adhesives: Evaluation of the Relationship between Bond Strength and Application Strategies—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. Coatings. 2022; 12(10):1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101501

Chicago/Turabian Style

Triani, Federico, Lígia Pereira da Silva, Bernardo Ferreira Lemos, Joana Domingues, Liliana Teixeira, and Patrícia Manarte-Monteiro. 2022. "Universal Adhesives: Evaluation of the Relationship between Bond Strength and Application Strategies—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses" Coatings 12, no. 10: 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101501

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