Antibiogram, Prevalence of OXA Carbapenemase Encoding Genes, and RAPD-Genotyping of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Incriminated in Hidden Community-Acquired Infections
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Identification and Prevalence of the Hidden Community-Acquired A. baumannii
2.2. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of A. baumannii
2.3. Prevalence of Carbapenemase Producers
2.4. Prevalence of Carbapenemase Encoding Genes
2.5. Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR Fingerprinting
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Ethical Approval
4.2. Study Design and Bacterial Isolates
4.3. Molecular Identification of A. baumannii
4.4. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of A. baumannii
4.5. Screening of Carbapenemases Production
4.6. Molecular Detection of Carbapenemase Encoding Genes
4.7. RAPD—Genotyping of A. baumannii
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Origin | Gender | Urine | Sputum | Pus | Blood | Wound | CSF * | Total | Collecting Lab. Identification % | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strain | n (%) | |||||||||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Male Female Total | 36 | 18 | 6 | 10 | 21 | 3 | 94 (47) | 100% | |
21 | 13 | 4 | 8 | 14 | 2 | 62 (31) | ||||
57 | 31 | 10 | 18 | 35 | 5 | 156 (78) | ||||
Acinetobacter baumannii | Male Female Total | 0 | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 2 (1) | unidentified | |
16 | 4 | - | - | - | 1 | 21 (10.5) | ||||
16 | 5 | - | - | - | 2 | 23 (11.5) | ||||
Acinetobacter lwoffii | Male Female Total | 2 | 3 | - | 1 | - | - | 6 (3) | unidentified | |
1 | 0 | - | 0 | - | - | 1 (0.5) | ||||
3 | 3 | - | 1 | - | - | 7 (3.5) | ||||
Acinetobacter nosocomialis | Male Female Total | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | 2 (1) | unidentified | |
- | - | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | ||||
- | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | 2 (1) | ||||
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus | Male Female Total | 0 | 1 | 1 | - | 2 | - | 4 (2) | unidentified | |
1 | 0 | 0 | - | 1 | - | 2 (1) | ||||
1 | 1 | 1 | - | 3 | - | 6 (3) | ||||
Burkholderia cepacia | Male Female Total | - | 0 | - | - | 1 | - | 1 (0.5) | unidentified | |
- | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | 2 (1) | ||||
- | 1 | - | - | 2 | - | 3 (1.5) | ||||
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | Male Female Total | - | - | - | 0 | - | 1 | 1 (0.5) | unidentified | |
- | - | - | 2 | - | 0 | 2 (1) | ||||
- | - | - | 2 | - | 1 | 3 (1.5) | ||||
Total | Male Female Total | 38 | 23 | 8 | 12 | 24 | 5 | 110 (55) | ||
39 | 18 | 4 | 10 | 16 | 3 | 90 (45) | ||||
77 | 41 | 12 | 22 | 40 | 8 | 200 |
Variables | Sample Origin | Sign | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urine | Sputum | CSF | Total | |||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | ||||
Gender | Male | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 50 | 1 | 50 | 2 | 0.009 * | |
Female | 16 | 76.2 | 4 | 19.0 | 1 | 4.8 | 21 | |||
Total | 16 | 69.6 | 5 | 21.7 | 2 | 8.7 | 23 | |||
Age | Male (mean ± SD) | 0.0 | 18.0 ± 19.02 | 52.0 ± 19.21 | 35.0 ± 13.58 | 0.049 * | ||||
Female (mean ± SD) | 41.5 ± 4.80 | 44.0 ± 9.60 | 5.0 ± 19.21 | 30.17 ± 7.34 | ||||||
Total (mean ± SD) | 41.5 ± 16.23 | 38.8 ± 28.40 | 28.5 ± 33.20 | 39.8 ± 19.90 | 0.695 ns | |||||
Age groups | 0–15 years | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 2 | 0.333 ns | |
16–30 years | 7 | 87.5 | 1 | 12.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 8 | |||
31–55 years | 4 | 66.7 | 1 | 16.7 | 1 | 16.7 | 6 | |||
>56 years | 5 | 71.4 | 2 | 28.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 7 | |||
Total | 16 | 69.6 | 5 | 21.7 | 2 | 8.7 | 23 |
Antimicrobial | Resistance (n) % | Sign. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
S | R | I | ||
Tobramycin | (8) 34.8% | (15) 65.2% | 0 | 0.144 ns |
Gentamycin | (5) 21.7% | (17) 73.9% | (1) 4.3% | <0.001 * |
Amikacin | (11) 47.8% | (12) 52.2% | 0 | 0.835 ns |
Aztreonam | (3) 13% | (20) 87% | 0 | <0.001 * |
Norfloxacin | (7) 30.4% | (16) 69.6% | 0 | 0.061 ns |
Levofloxacin | (6) 26.1% | (15) 65.2% | (2) 8.7% | 0.003 * |
Ofloxacin | (8) 34.8% | (14) 60.9% | (1) 4.3% | 0.0004 * |
Ciprofloxacin | (7) 30.4% | (16) 69.6% | 0 | 0.061 ns |
Nalidixic acid | 0 | (23) 100% | 0 | <0.001 * |
Piperacillin/tazobactam | (3) 13% | (19) 82.6% | (3) 13% | <0.001 * |
Oxacillin | 0 | (23) 100% | 0 | <0.001 * |
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid | 0 | (23) 100% | 0 | <0.001 * |
Ceftazidime | (2) 8.7% | (20) 87% | (1) 4.3% | <0.001 * |
Cefotaxime | (1) 4.3% | (21) 91.3% | (1) 4.3% | <0.001 * |
Cefepime | (9) 39.1% | (13) 56.5% | (1) 4.3% | 0.008 * |
Meropenem | (8) 34.8% | (12) 52.2% | (3) 13% | 0.070 ns |
Imipenem | (10) 39.1% | (11) 47.8% | (2) 8.7% | <0.001 * |
Ertapenem | (3) 13% | (20) 87% | 0 | <0.001 * |
Doripenem | (5) 21.7% | (17) 73.9% | (1) 4.3% | <0.001 * |
Colistin | (17) 73.9% | (4) 17.4% | (2) 8.7% | <0.001 * |
Polymyxin B | (19) 82.6% | (4) 17.4% | 0 | 0.002 * |
Oligo | Sequence (5′→3′) | Amplicon Size (bp) | Annealing Tmp (°C) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
(16-23S ITS) P-1512F | GTCGTAACAAGGTAGCCGTA | 607 | 60 | [33] |
(16-23S ITS) P-6R | GGGTTC/TCCCCA/GTTCRGAAAT | |||
blaOXA-69F (F) | CTAATAATTGATCTACTCAAG | 975 | 48 | [60] |
blaOXA-69R (R) | CCAGTGGATGGATGGATAGATTATC | |||
blaOXA-51F (F) | TAATGCTTTGATCGGCCTTG | 353 | 52 | [63] |
blaOXA-51R (R) | TGGATTGCACTTCATCTTGG | |||
blaOXA-23F (F) | GATGTGTCATAGTATTCGTCGT | 1058 | [64] | |
blaOXA-23R (R) | TCACAACAACTAAAAGCACTGT | |||
blaOXA-24F (F) | GGTTAGTTGGCCCCCTAAAA | 246 | [63] | |
blaOXA-24R (R) | AGTTGAGCGAAAAGGGGATT | |||
blaOXA-58F (F) | AAGTATTGGGGCTTGTGCTG | 599 | [63] | |
blaOXA-58R (R) | CCCCTCTGCGCTCTACATAC | |||
(blaIMP) IMP-F (blaIMP) IMP-R | GGAATAGAGTGGCTTAAYTCTC GGTTTAAYAAAACAACCACC | 232 | 52 | [63] |
(blaVIM) VIM-F (blaVIM) VIM-R | GATGGTGTTTGGTCGCATA CGAATGCGCAGCACCAG | 390 | ||
(blaNDM) NDM-F (blaNDM) NDM-R | GGTTTGGCGATCTGGTTTTC CGGAATGGCTCATCACGATC | 621 | ||
(blaKPC) KPC-F (blaKPC) KPC-R | CGTCTAGTTCTGCTGTCTTG CTTGTCATCCTTGTTAGGCG | 798 | ||
(blaGES) GES-F (blaGES) GES-R | ATGCGCTTCATTCACGCAC CTATTTGTCCGTGCTCAGGA | 863 | 55 | [65] |
OPM-01 (P1) | GTTGGTGGCT | Variable | 40 | Eurofins Kit |
OPM-07 (P2) | CCGTGACTCA | |||
OPM-09 (P3) | GTCTTGCGGA | |||
OPQ-06 (P4) | GAGCGCCTTG | |||
OPQ-08 (P5) | CTCCAGCGGA | |||
OPM-03 (P6) | GGGGGATGAG | |||
OPQ-02 (P7) | TCTGTCGGTC | |||
OPM-05 (P8) | GGGAACGTGT | |||
OPQ-04 (P9) | AGTGCGCTGA | |||
OPQ-10 (P10) | TGTGCCCGAA |
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El-Kazzaz, W.; Metwally, L.; Yahia, R.; Al-Harbi, N.; El-Taher, A.; Hetta, H.F. Antibiogram, Prevalence of OXA Carbapenemase Encoding Genes, and RAPD-Genotyping of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Incriminated in Hidden Community-Acquired Infections. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090603
El-Kazzaz W, Metwally L, Yahia R, Al-Harbi N, El-Taher A, Hetta HF. Antibiogram, Prevalence of OXA Carbapenemase Encoding Genes, and RAPD-Genotyping of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Incriminated in Hidden Community-Acquired Infections. Antibiotics. 2020; 9(9):603. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090603
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl-Kazzaz, Waleed, Lobna Metwally, Reham Yahia, Najwa Al-Harbi, Ayat El-Taher, and Helal F. Hetta. 2020. "Antibiogram, Prevalence of OXA Carbapenemase Encoding Genes, and RAPD-Genotyping of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Incriminated in Hidden Community-Acquired Infections" Antibiotics 9, no. 9: 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090603