Towards Sustainable Antibiotic Use in Aquaculture and Antimicrobial Resistance: Participatory Experts’ Overview and Recommendations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Preamble: Due to the lack of data and understanding of the impact of antibiotics in aquaculture at different levels, we called an expert group to fill these gaps and provide recommendations to address this challenge as concerted efforts are required by diverse actors to formulate appropriate solutions. In this context, this study presents the outcomes of a series of workshops designed to foster global collaboration and knowledge sharing on the relevant topic of antibiotic use in aquaculture. The virtual event covered various aspects of antibiotic use in aquaculture, providing valuable networking opportunities for institutions and experts worldwide.
2. Results
2.1. Participants’ Subsection
2.2. Workshop 1: General AMU and Ecological Impacts in Aquatic Ecosystem
2.3. Workshop 2: Socioeconomic Perspective
2.4. Workshop 3: Antibiotics in Aquaculture
2.5. Workshop 4: Methods for Determining Impact
2.6. Challenges and Recommendations
3. Discussion
3.1. Antibiotics in Aquatic Ecosystems
3.2. General Recommendations and Actions Taken
3.3. Participatory Experts’ Initiative
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Participants
4.2. The Workshops
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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DIMENSION | DRIVER, GAPS | GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS |
---|---|---|
ANTIBIOTIC USE: methodological and technical for assessing ecological impacts | ||
Measuring impacts | Indirect impacts on the environment must be assessed for conducting environmental evaluations (e.g., ecological processes intervened by bacteria present in the environment or benthic organisms affected by ABs). | In the absence of clear information on the ecological effects caused by AMs, it is prudent to differentiate freshwater and marine environment impact assessments. Ecological assessment criteria for ABs should be incorporated into national policies. |
Absence of models on cumulative impact (e.g., multiple sources or chronic discharge); validated models are required for evaluating impacts and delivering recommendations. | Implementing surveillance tools (e.g., benthic respiration, oxidative stress, oxygenation, primary production, environmental DNA, metabarcoding, metagenomics, and others) is required. | |
Impact thresholds should be established. | The existing ERA used for drug approval is not enough for assessing environmental risks; therefore, implementing or improving ERA is necessary. | |
Methodology | Lack of standardized methodology for measuring in situ ecological impacts; the methodology that is currently used is expensive and not standardized. | Conducting pilot assessment/field tests in key water bodies (e.g., fjords) is needed for obtaining valuable real data and determining impacts, as it is vital to have knowledge on measuring ecological impacts since an evaluation framework does already exist. |
Monitoring | Missing information on AM passive monitoring in aquatic environments. | EQS (AMR and ecotoxicological) for emissions and the environment can serve as a valuable reference point in aquaculture. |
ANTIBIOTIC USE AND ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS: regulatory aspects | ||
Environmental Quality standards | Absence of international agreement and validation of EQS (i.e., AMR and ecotoxicological) for AM release. | |
The current ERA used for drug approval is insufficient to assess environmental risk. | ||
Risk assessment | Deficiency in standard risk assessment methodologies appropriate for developing countries, and barely applicable for aquaculture; risk assessment methodologies for pathogen risk analyses are well developed in aquatic food production systems. | |
Protection | Specific safety objectives for human health and ecosystems should be outlined. | |
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC | ||
Economic incentives | Low-cost access in informal markets. | Identify informal sources of access to antibiotics and access to certifications for the proper use of antibiotics and design subsidies for small farmers that can demonstrate traceability in ABU. |
Regulations | Inappropriate regulations to control the overuse of ABs and informal access. | Strict regulations should be established in each country regarding the sale, use, and monitoring of ABU in aquaculture. There should be more surveillance on the application of the regulation as there exist international documents that some countries do not apply. |
Farmers’ attitudes and knowledge | Lack of risk perception and awareness of impacts of AB misuse. | Public communication programs for behavioral change. Research in stakeholders’ preferences and behaviors. |
Lack of training in the sustainable use of ABs and disease management. | Improved small-scale disease management tools. Characterization of producers and identification of their knowledge gaps on the use of ABs and their impacts. Improve coordination between farms in the same zone. | |
Biosecurity | Restricted access to freshwater and poor sanitation. | Training for farmers and field personnel is essential to improve biosecurity at a farm level. More trained personnel, ideally Veterinarians, to guide practices on AM and AB use. |
Lack of professional veterinary services. | ||
Scarcity of laboratory infrastructure in microbiological testing. | ||
Inadequate access to AB. | Improve the technique of AB selection according to the type of disease. | |
Lack of reporting on ABU and monitoring. | Need for traceability and tracking systems for the use of AB. | |
THE ROLE OF AMR ON AQUACULTURE | ||
Scientific research | While recent scientific research has emerged, substantial gaps in understanding AMR persist. | To collect more knowledge to answer relevant questions regarding AMR. More investigation is needed and the funding to conduct investigations. |
Better knowledge is required regarding the relative magnitude of aquaculture contrasted with land-based animal farming systems/humans’ AM (over-)consumption. | ||
Absence of detailed information about naturally occurring ARG to develop methodologies to establish impact. | ||
Aquaculture systems boundaries | Deficient knowledge of how to determine aquaculture systems boundaries. | Strengthening knowledge of the role of AMR is fundamental. |
Hazard | There is a need to categorize systems regarding hazards. | Enhancing knowledge of the theme. |
Workshop 1 General AMU and Ecological Impacts | Workshop 2 Socioeconomics Perspective | Workshop 3 ABs in Aquaculture | Workshop 4 Methods for Determining Impacts | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Date | 27 May 2021 | 22 July 2021 | 23 September 2021 | 2 February 2022 |
Objective | Evaluating the current state of knowledge on AMU and identifying existing gaps. Formulating strategies to identify ecologically relevant impact indicators and establish thresholds for assessment. | Identifying pivotal socioeconomic factors and effective governance mechanisms essential for implementing monitoring practices in aquaculture and extending them across sectors, and countries to enhance the sustainability of aquaculture. | Developing pathways to enhance our understanding of AB usage in aquaculture and AMR. | Exploring potential AB monitoring tools that can be universally adapted and implemented across regions and sectors. |
Attendees | 38 attendees among experts (26), guests (4), and the AGAP team (8) from 22 institutions worldwide belonging to 11 countries; 71.1% men and 15.5% women | 29 attendees among experts (20), guests (5), and the AGAP team (4). The attendees were representatives of 10 countries and 15 institutions, including the FAO, WorldFish, and WOAH. 75.9% men and 9.2% women. | 26 attendees, among experts (17), the organizing team (3), and guests (6) from 14 institutions, including FAO, WorldFish, and WOAH, representing 13 countries, with 69.2% men and 11.6% women. | 15 attendees among the AGAP team (5) and experts (10) from 9 institutions belonging to 4 countries, with 60% mean and 10% women. |
Field | Land-based animal growing systems, freshwater aquaculture, and marine-based aquaculture, as well as fields involving pathologists, animal health experts, ecologists, food services, and ecotoxicologists, were among other areas of expertise concerning prawn farms and fish farms. | Animal health experts, ecologists, experts in certification and food systems, livestock specialists, socioeconomists | Pathologists, epidemiologists, microbiologists, and data management and aquaculture system experts | Experts involved in pharmacology, food safety, and animal health, as well as environmental experts, researchers using analytic techniques, and ecotoxicologists |
Duration | 3:30 h | 3:00 h | 3:00 h | 3:00 h |
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Farías, D.R.; Ibarra, R.; Estévez, R.A.; Tlusty, M.F.; Nyberg, O.; Troell, M.; Avendaño-Herrera, R.; Norden, W. Towards Sustainable Antibiotic Use in Aquaculture and Antimicrobial Resistance: Participatory Experts’ Overview and Recommendations. Antibiotics 2024, 13, 887. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13090887
Farías DR, Ibarra R, Estévez RA, Tlusty MF, Nyberg O, Troell M, Avendaño-Herrera R, Norden W. Towards Sustainable Antibiotic Use in Aquaculture and Antimicrobial Resistance: Participatory Experts’ Overview and Recommendations. Antibiotics. 2024; 13(9):887. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13090887
Chicago/Turabian StyleFarías, Daniela R., Rolando Ibarra, Rodrigo A. Estévez, Michael F. Tlusty, Oskar Nyberg, Max Troell, Ruben Avendaño-Herrera, and Wendy Norden. 2024. "Towards Sustainable Antibiotic Use in Aquaculture and Antimicrobial Resistance: Participatory Experts’ Overview and Recommendations" Antibiotics 13, no. 9: 887. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13090887